FB-245 http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=245 Animalia Chordata Teleostei Salmoniformes Salmonidae Oncorhynchus Oncorhynchus kisutch (Walbaum, 1792) Chinook Czawycza Salmao-real Salmão-real سلمون ملكي Kongelaks Quinnat Blackmouth Chinook Chinook salmon King King salmon Pacific salmon Quinnat Quinnat salmon Smilie Spring Spring salmon Tyee Tšavõõtša Kuningaslohi Saumon chinook Saumon quinnat Saumon royal Taagun Taagun gaaw gaada Taagun gaaw sg'iida Taagwun T'aown אילתית מלכותית Tarjaxfaq Salmone reale Masunosuke Chavycha Чавыча чавыча Vrsta lososa Kungslax Yee Salmón boquinegra Salmon chinook Salmón chinook Salmón real Salmón rey Chinook zalm Činuški losos Iqallugpak iqalugruaq K'with'thet K'wolexw Qáps Saæup Sa-cin Schaanexw Shamet skelex Shmexwalsh Sináech Sk'wel'eng's schaanexw Slhop' schaanexw Spak'ws schaanexw St'thokwi Su-ha 大鱗大麻哈魚 大鳞大麻哈鱼 Oncorhynchus chouicha Jordan & Gilbert, 1883 Oncorhynchus cooperi (Suckley, 1861) Oncorhynchus tschawytscha (Walbaum, 1792) Oncorhynchus tshawytsha (Walbaum, 1792) Salmo cooperi Suckley, 1861 Salmo orientalis Pallas, 1814 Salmo quinnat Richardson, 1836 Salmo richardi Suckley, 1861 Salmo richardii Suckley, 1861 Salmo tschawytscha Bloch & Schneider, 1801 Salmo tschawytscha Walbaum, 1792 Salmo tshawytscha Walbaum, 1792 Salmo warreni Suckley, 1861 1990-10-17 2024-05-24 ASIH (American Society of Ichthyologists and Herpetologists)0 Ontogeny and systematics of fishes. 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(http://www.ontariofishes.ca; http://www.ontariofishes.ca/home.htm), accessed 26 June 2019. (Ref. 120612) Thorsteinson, L.K. and M.S. Love0 Alaska Arctic marine fish ecology catalog. Scientific Investigations Report 2016-5038. (Ref. 121277) Davis, N.D., K.W. Myers and W.J. Fournier0 Winter food habits of Chinook salmon in the eastern Bering Sea. N. Pac. Anadr. Fish Comm. Bull 5:243-253. (Ref. 122990) Hanson, M.B., C.K. Emmons, M.J. Ford, M. Everett, K. Parsons, L.K. Park, J. Hempelmann, D.M. Van Doornik, G.S. Schorr, J.K. Jacobsen, M.F. Sears, M.S. Sears, J.G. Sneva, R.W. Baird and L. Barre0 Species and stock identification of prey consumed by endangered southern resident killer whales in their summer range. Endangered Species Research 11(1):69-82. (Ref. 123715) Froese, R., N. Demirel, G. Coro and H. Winker0 User Guide for CMSY++. GEOMAR, Germany, 17 p. (Ref. 124174) Crespi, B.J. and R. Teo0 Comparative phylogenetic analysis of the evolution of semelparity and life history in salmonid fishes. Evolution 56(5):1008-1020. (Ref. 124902) Ern, R., D.T.T. Huong, N.V. Cong, M. Bayley and T. Wang0 Effect of salinity on oxygen consumption in fishes: a review. J. Fish Biol. 84(4):1210-1220. (Ref. 126585) Morgan, J,D, and G.K. Iwama0 Effects of salinity on growth, metabolism, and ion regulation in juvenile rainbow and steelhead trout (<i>Oncorhynchus mykiss</i>) and fall Chinook salmon (<i>Oncorhynchus-tshawytscha</i>). Can J, Fish. Aquat. Sci. 48:2083-2094. (Ref. 127753) Marčeta, B. and K. Pliberšek (eds)0 BiosWeb. Biological database of the Fisheries Research Institute of Slovenia. Ljubljana, Fisheries Research Institute of Slovenia, 2014. (www.biosweb.org. updated 13/04/2023). (Ref. 128520) IUCN0 The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 1964 - onwards. https://www.iucnredlist.org/ (Ref. 130435) WDNR, Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources0 Wisconsin Fish Species List.. World Wide Web electronic publication, Accessed 05 Oct. 2024. Madison (USA, WI): Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources, 6 p. https://dnr.wisconsin.gov/sites/default/files/topic/Fishing/Species_wifish.pdf (Ref. 132215) Saygili, B. and A.W. Trites0 Prevalence of Chinook salmon is higher for southern than for northern resident killer whales in summer hot-spot feeding areas. PLoS ONE 19(10):e0311388. (Ref. 132330) Zhivotovsky, L.0 Genetic history of salmonid fishes of the genus <i>Oncorhynchus</i>. Russian J. Gen. 51(5):491-505. (Ref. 132363) Price, S.A., S.T. Friedman, K.A. Corn, O. Larouche, K. Brockelsby, A.J. Lee, M. Nagaraj, N.G. Bertrand, M. Danao, M.C. Coyne, J.R. Estrada, R. Friedman, E. Hoeft, M. Iwan, D. Gross, J.H. Kao, B. Landry, M.J. Linares, C. McGlinn and …0 FishShapes v1: Functionally relevant measurements of teleost shape and size on three dimensions. Ecology 103(e3829):1-2. (Ref. 137577) FB-GeneralDescr-244 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Susan M. Luna 1990-10-17 00:00:00 2018-05-14 00:00:00 Biology http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ WorldFish Center - FishBase General public http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=244 http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#Habitat Adults return to natal streams from the sea to spawn (Ref. 27547). Fry may migrate to the sea after only 3 months in fresh water, some may stay for as long as 3 years, but generally most stay a year in the stream before migrating (Ref. 27547). Some individuals remain close inshore throughout their lives, but some make extensive migrations (Ref. 27547, 44894). Also found in lakes (Ref. 1998). Possibly up to 375 m depth (Ref. 6793). Epipelagic (Ref. 58426). Food in streams is mainly terrestrial insects and small crustaceans; in the sea, major food items include fishes, crustaceans, and other invertebrates (Ref. 27547). Young are preyed upon by fishes and birds (such as mergansers and kingfishers); adults are prey of large mammals and large birds (Ref. 1998). Highly regarded game fish (Ref. 27547). Flesh is usually red, but some are white; the red meat commands a higher price (Ref. 27547). Marketed fresh, smoked, frozen, and canned. Eaten steamed, fried, broiled, boiled, microwaved, and baked (Ref. 9988). Viscera said to contain high vitamin A content and used successfully as food for hatchery fish (Ref. 28971, 28977). Page, L.M. and B.M. Burr 2011 A field guide to freshwater fishes of North America north of Mexico. Boston : Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, 663p. (Ref. 86798) FB-DiagnosticDescr-244 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Cristina V. Garilao 1996-09-05 00:00:00 1999-04-16 00:00:00 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ FAO General public http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=244 Distinguished by the small black spots on the back and on the upper and lower lobes of the caudal fin, and the black gums of the lower jaw (Ref. 27547). Body fusiform, streamlined, noticeably laterally compressed in large adults, somewhat deeper than other species (Ref. 6885). Gill rakers wide-spaced and rough; pelvic fins with axillary process (Ref. 27547). Fish in the sea are dark greenish to blue black on top of head and back, silvery to white on the lower sides and belly; numerous small, dark spots along back and upper sides and on both lobes of caudal; gum line of lower jaw black (Ref. 27547). In fresh water, with the approach of the breeding condition, the fish change to olive brown, red or purplish, the color change being more marked in males than in females (Ref. 27547). Hart, J.L. 1973 Pacific fishes of Canada. Bull. Fish. Res. Board Can. 180:740 p. (Ref. 6885) FB-Morphology-244 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Cristina V. Garilao 1996-09-05 00:00:00 1999-04-16 00:00:00 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ WorldFish Center - FishBase General public http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=244 http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#Distribution Dorsal spines (total): 0; Dorsal soft rays (total): 10 - 14; Analspines: 0; Analsoft rays: 13 - 19; Vertebrae: 67 - 75 Hart, J.L. 1973 Pacific fishes of Canada. Bull. Fish. Res. Board Can. 180:740 p. (Ref. 6885) FB-Distribution-244 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Susan M. Luna 1990-10-18 00:00:00 2025-11-05 00:00:00 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=244 Arctic, Northwest to Northeast Pacific: drainages from Point Hope, Alaska to San Joanquin and King rivers in California, USA (Ref. 86798). Also in Honshu, Japan (Ref. 6793), Sea of Japan (Ref. 1998), Bering Sea (Ref. 2850) and Sea of Okhotsk (Ref. 1998). Found in Coppermine River in the Arctic. Several countries report adverse ecological impact after introduction. Page, L.M. and B.M. Burr 2011 A field guide to freshwater fishes of North America north of Mexico. Boston : Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, 663p. (Ref. 86798) FB-Uses-244 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Susan M. Luna 1990-10-17 00:00:00 2018-05-14 00:00:00 Importance http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ WorldFish Center - FishBase General public http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=244 http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#Size fisheries: highly commercial; aquaculture: commercial; gamefish: yes; aquarium: public aquariums; price category: very high; price reliability: reliable: based on ex-vessel price for this species FAO 1992 FAO yearbook. Fishery statistics: catches and landings. Vol. 70: 1990. FAO Fish. Ser. 38:647 p. (Ref. 4931) Garibaldi, L. 1996 List of animal species used in aquaculture. FAO Fish. Circ. 914. 38 p. (Ref. 12108) International Game Fish Association 1991 World record game fishes. International Game Fish Association, Florida, USA. (Ref. 4699) Newman, L. 1995 Census of fish at the Vancouver aquarium, 1994. Unpublished manuscript. (Ref. 9183) FB-Migration-244 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Susan M. Luna 1990-10-17 00:00:00 2018-05-14 00:00:00 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ WorldFish Center - FishBase General public http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=244 http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#Threats Anadromous. Fish that ascend rivers to spawn, as salmon and hilsa do. Sub-division of diadromous. Migrations should be cyclical and predictable and cover more than 100 km. Zhivotovsky, L. 2015 Genetic history of salmonid fishes of the genus <i>Oncorhynchus</i>. Russian J. Gen. 51(5):491-505. (Ref. 132363) FB-LifeCycle-244 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Susan M. Luna 1990-10-17 00:00:00 2018-05-14 00:00:00 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ WorldFish Center - FishBase General public http://www.fishbase.org//Reproduction/FishReproSummary.php?ID=244&StockCode=258 http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#Habitat Adults migrate up to 4,827 km upstream to spawn (Ref. 6850). Migration from the sea begins in December so that the the first fish are near river mouths by spring (Ref. 27547). Once a female selects a spot, she begins to dig a nest, driving away other females during the period of nest building. The female is attended by a larger, dominant male and several smaller males who drive away other males. While the female digs the nest, the male courts her by coming to rest beside her and quivering; by swimming about over her, touching her dorsal fin with his body and fins; and occasionally nudging her side gently with his snout (Ref. 28978). Upon completion of the nest, the female drops into it and is immediately joined by the dominant male. The fish open their mouths, vibrate, and eggs and sperm are released. At this point smaller males may dart into the nest and release sperm. The female then quickly moves to the upstrem edge of the nest and begins to dig. The eggs are covered and a new nest is made. The whole process is repeated until the female releases all her eggs, which may take several days. The male then leaves the female and may mate with another female. The female guards the nest for as long as she can. Spent adults usually die a few days after spawning. (Ref. 1998, 27547).Reproductive strategy: synchronous ovarian organization, determinate fecundity (Ref. 51846). Breder, C.M. and D.E. Rosen 1966 Modes of reproduction in fishes. T.F.H. Publications, Neptune City, New Jersey. 941 p. FB-TrophicStrategy-244 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Pascualita Sa-a 1997-04-08 00:00:00 2015-09-17 00:00:00 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ WorldFish Center - FishBase General public tshawytscha http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#Distribution Adults return to natal streams from the sea to spawn (Ref. 27547). Fry may migrate to the sea after only 3 months in fresh water, some may stay for as long as 3 years, but generally most stay a year in the stream before migrating (Ref. 27547). Some individuals remain close inshore throughout their lives, but some make extensive migrations (Ref. 27547, 44894). Scott, W.B. and E.J. Crossman 1973 Freshwater fishes of Canada. Bull. Fish. Res. Board Can. 184: xi+1-966. (Ref. 1998) FB-Size-244 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Susan M. Luna 1990-10-17 00:00:00 2018-05-14 00:00:00 Max. size http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=244 150 cm TL (male/unsexed; (Ref. 40637)); max. published weight: 61.4 kg (Ref. 27547); max. reported age: 9 years (Ref. 12193) IGFA 2001 Database of IGFA angling records until 2001. IGFA, Fort Lauderdale, USA. (Ref. 40637) Morrow, J.E. 1980 The freshwater fishes of Alaska. University of. B.C. Animal Resources Ecology Library. 248p. (Ref. 27547) Hugg, D.O. 1996 MAPFISH georeferenced mapping database. Freshwater and estuarine fishes of North America. Life Science Software. Dennis O. and Steven Hugg, 1278 Turkey Point Road, Edgewater, Maryland, USA. (Ref. 12193) FB-Threats-2 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Belen Acosta 1990-10-18 00:00:00 2024-03-07 00:00:00 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ WorldFish Center - FishBase General public http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=2 http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#Size Least Concern (LC) , IUCN Grouper and Wrasse Specialist Group IUCN 2006 2006 IUCN red list of threatened species. www.iucnredlist.org. Downloaded July 2006. FB-Diseases-244-157 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Allan Palacio 2004-03-23 00:00:00 2004-03-23 00:00:00 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ WorldFish Center - FishBase General public http://www.fishbase.org/diseases/diseasesList.cfm?ID=244&StockCode=258 http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#Threats Aeromonosis. Bacterial diseases Aoki, T. 1999 Motile Aeromonads (<i>Aeromonas hydrophila</i>). p.427-453. In P.T.K. Woo and D.W. Bruno (eds.) Fish Diseases and Disorders, Vol. 3: Viral, Bacterial and Fungal Infections. CAB Int'l. (Ref. 48848) FB-Diseases-244-9 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Allan Palacio 2004-03-10 00:00:00 2004-03-10 00:00:00 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ WorldFish Center - FishBase General public http://www.fishbase.org/diseases/diseasesList.cfm?ID=244&StockCode=258 http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#Habitat Edwardsiellosis. Bacterial diseases Plumb, J.A. 1999 <i>Edwardsiella</i> Septicaemias. p.479-521. In P.T.K. Woo and D.W. Bruno (eds.) Fish Diseases and Disorders, Vol. 3: Viral, Bacterial and Fungal Infections. CAB Int'l. (Ref. 48850) FB-Diseases-244-11 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Allan Palacio 2004-03-17 00:00:00 2004-03-17 00:00:00 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ WorldFish Center - FishBase General public http://www.fishbase.org/diseases/diseasesList.cfm?ID=244&StockCode=258 http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#Distribution Enteric Redmouth Disease. Bacterial diseases Horne, M.T. and A.C. Barnes 1999 Enteric redmouth disease (<i>Yersinia ruckeri</i>). p.455-477. In P.T.K. Woo and D.W. Bruno (eds.) Fish Diseases and Disorders, Vol. 3: Viral, Bacterial and Fungal Infections. CAB Int'l. (Ref. 48849) FB-Diseases-244-57 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Allan Palacio 2004-03-03 00:00:00 2004-03-03 00:00:00 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ http://www.fishbase.org/diseases/diseasesList.cfm?ID=244&StockCode=258 Epitheliocystis. Bacterial diseases Lannan, C.N., J.L. Batholomew and J.L. Fryer 1999 Chlamydial infections of fish: Epitheliocystis. p.255-267. In P.T.K. Woo and D.W. Bruno (eds.) Fish Diseases and Disorders Vol. 3: Viral, bacterial and fungal infections. CABI Int'l. (Ref. 48851) FB-Diseases-244-911 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Allan Palacio 2004-05-04 00:00:00 2004-05-04 00:00:00 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ WorldFish Center - FishBase General public http://www.fishbase.org/diseases/diseasesList.cfm?ID=244&StockCode=258 http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#Size Whirling Disease 3. Parasitic infestations (protozoa, worms, etc.) Boustead, N.C. 1993 Detection and New Zealand distribution of <i>Myxobolus cerebralis</i>, the cause of whirling disease of salmonids. N.Z. J. Mar. Freshwat. Res. 27(4):431-436. (Ref. 45510) FB-Habitat-244 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Susan M. Luna 1990-10-17 00:00:00 2018-05-14 00:00:00 Environment http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ WorldFish Center - FishBase General public http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=244 http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#Threats benthopelagic; anadromous (Ref. 132363); freshwater; brackish; marine; depth range 0 - 375 m (Ref. 58426) Zhivotovsky, L. 2015 Genetic history of salmonid fishes of the genus <i>Oncorhynchus</i>. Russian J. Gen. 51(5):491-505. (Ref. 132363) Coad, B.W. and J.D. Reist 2004 Annotated list of the arctic marine fishes of Canada. Can. MS Rep. Fish Aquat. Sci. 2674:iv:+112 p. (Ref. 58426)