FB-4826 http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=4826 Animalia Chordata Teleostei Perciformes/Serranoidei Epinephelidae Plectropomus Plectropomus leopardus (Lacepède, 1802) Red lapu Takulit Mokas Tiau Garoupa celestial لُؤز مرجان فهد Banalog Baraka Inid Pugapo Sono Leopardbars Blue-dotted coral trout Bluedotted coraltrout Blue-dotted coral-trout Blue-spot trout Blue-spotted sea bass Common coral trout Coral grouper Coral trout Leoparad coralgrouper Leopard cod Leopard coral grouper Leopard coral trout Leopard coralgrouper Leopard coral-trout Leopard trout Leopard-cod Trout Donu donu damu Salmon Cod Loche saumonée Saumoné léopard Saumonée léopard Suji-ara 무늬바리 Ikuit Kerapu Kerapu bara Kerapu merah Kerapu sunu Kerapu-sunoh bara Sunuk Sunoh Malau pokoahu Ata'ata-utu Leopardgrouper Tonu Kaltang Kigting Lapu lapu Lapu-lapu Lubo Sigapo Pla ka rang Pla ka rung ปลากะรัง Cá Mú chấm bé Cá Mú chấm nhỏ Mero celestial Baghak Bato-bato Bulang Kakab Karamalabo Kugtong Kurapu Labungan Lapulapu Lapu-lapu Leopardasta koralna kirnja Lugiushaap Mambo Mambong lawasan Maskad Sáyiyaaw Sewi Sheosheol taiyaaw Sunu Sunu alo Sunu mira Suno Tapog Tawiya Tonu Tsut-sing-paan Ujeeda magat Valenten 東星斑 東星 石斑 花斑刺鰓鮨 豹紋鰓棘鱸 花斑刺鳃鮨 豹紋鰓棘鱸 豹纹鳃棘鲈 过鱼 鲙 Acanthistius leopardinus (Cuvier, 1828) Cephalopholis miniatus (non Forsskål, 1775) Chorististium maculatum (non Bloch, 1790) Holocentrus leopardus Lacepède, 1802 Paracanthistius suji Tanaka, 1916 Plectropoma cyanostigma Bleeker, 1845 Plectropoma leopardinus Cuvier, 1828 Plectropoma maculatum leopardus (non Bloch, 1790) Plectropoma maculatum var. b Bleeker, 1849 Plectropomus maculatum (non Bloch, 1790) Plectropomus maculatus (non Bloch, 1790) Plectropomus truncatus (non Fowler & Bean, 1930) 1991-12-18 2020-11-17 Coppola, S.R., W. 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Schunter0 Declining population sizes and loss of genetic diversity in commercial fishes: a simple method for a first diagnostic. Frontiers in Marine Science 9(872537):1-11. (Ref. 130275) Balisco, R.A.T., V.S. Ticzon, B.R. Samaniego, W.-C. Huang, B.J. Gonzales and T.-Y. Liao0 Marine fishes of Palawan, Philippines: species diversity, new records, and conservation status. Regional Studies in Marine Science 60(2023) 102825:1-10. (Ref. 130287) Muallil, R.N., A.M. Tambihasan, M.J. Enojario, R.T. Tarabasa, A.A. Habibuddin, A.S. Injani, M.A.T. Ammang, A.S. Aksa and C.L. Nañola Jr.0 Data on the length-weight relationship of 161 species of commercially important coral reef fishes in Tawi-Tawi islands, Southern Philippines. Data in Brief 50. (Ref. 132177) Price, S.A., S.T. Friedman, K.A. Corn, O. Larouche, K. Brockelsby, A.J. Lee, M. Nagaraj, N.G. Bertrand, M. Danao, M.C. Coyne, J.R. Estrada, R. Friedman, E. Hoeft, M. Iwan, D. Gross, J.H. Kao, B. Landry, M.J. Linares, C. McGlinn and …0 FishShapes v1: Functionally relevant measurements of teleost shape and size on three dimensions. Ecology 103(e3829):1-2. (Ref. 137577) FB-pic-4826-2317 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg John E. Randall 1995-01-09 2017-05-12 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial 3.0 Unported License. Image can be freely copied and altered but may be used only for non-commercial purposes. Original author and source must be properly acknowledged WorldFish Center - FishBase General public http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=4826 http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#Threats http://www.fishbase.us/images/species/Plleo_u1.jpg http://www.fishbase.us/images/thumbnails/jpg/tn_Plleo_u1.jpg FB-pic-4826-2318 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg John E. Randall 1995-01-09 2005-10-07 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial 3.0 Unported License. Image can be freely copied and altered but may be used only for non-commercial purposes. Original author and source must be properly acknowledged WorldFish Center - FishBase General public http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=4826 http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#Habitat (night) Locality: Heron Island, Great Barrier Reef, Australia. http://www.fishbase.us/images/species/Plleo_u3.jpg http://www.fishbase.us/images/thumbnails/jpg/tn_Plleo_u3.jpg Locality: Heron Island, Great Barrier Reef, Australia. FB-pic-4826-10575 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/gif Robbie N. Cada 1993-07-01 2008-06-25 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/ Image can be freely copied and altered, as long as original author and source are properly acknowledged. WorldFish Center - FishBase General public http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=4826 http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#DiagnosticDescription http://www.fishbase.us/images/species/Plleo_u0.gif http://www.fishbase.us/images/thumbnails/gif/tn_Plleo_u0.gif FB-pic-4826-11491 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/gif FAO 1996-07-05 1996-07-05 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial 3.0 Unported License. Image can be freely copied and altered but may be used only for non-commercial purposes. Original author and source must be properly acknowledged WorldFish Center - FishBase General public http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=4826 http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#Morphology http://www.fishbase.us/images/species/Plleo_u1.gif http://www.fishbase.us/images/thumbnails/gif/tn_Plleo_u1.gif FB-pic-4826-13435 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg John E. Randall 1997-02-19 2004-02-06 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial 3.0 Unported License. Image can be freely copied and altered but may be used only for non-commercial purposes. Original author and source must be properly acknowledged WorldFish Center - FishBase General public http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=4826 http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#Distribution http://www.fishbase.us/images/species/Plleo_u0.jpg http://www.fishbase.us/images/thumbnails/jpg/tn_Plleo_u0.jpg FB-pic-4826-13436 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg John E. Randall 1997-02-19 2010-07-09 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial 3.0 Unported License. Image can be freely copied and altered but may be used only for non-commercial purposes. Original author and source must be properly acknowledged http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=4826 http://www.fishbase.us/images/species/Plleo_u2.jpg http://www.fishbase.us/images/thumbnails/jpg/tn_Plleo_u2.jpg FB-pic-4826-18399 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg John E. Randall 1998-10-19 2013-06-03 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial 3.0 Unported License. Image can be freely copied and altered but may be used only for non-commercial purposes. Original author and source must be properly acknowledged WorldFish Center - FishBase General public http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=4826 http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TrophicStrategy http://www.fishbase.us/images/species/Plleo_u5.jpg http://www.fishbase.us/images/thumbnails/jpg/tn_Plleo_u5.jpg Locality: Gili Ayer, Lombok, Indonesia. FB-GeneralDescr-4826 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Crispina B. Binohlan 1991-12-18 00:00:00 2020-11-17 00:00:00 Biology http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=4826 Inhabit coral-rich areas of lagoon reefs and mid-shelf reefs (Ref. 6390, 48635). Solitary (Ref. 90102). Inactive at night, hiding under ledges (Ref. 9710). Juveniles have a demersal existence in shallow water in reef habitats, especially around coral rubble (Ref. 27259). Adults feed mainly on fish (Ref. 6390), juveniles feed on small fish and invertebrates such as crustaceans and squid (Ref. 27261). A protogynous hermaphrodite (Ref. 55367). Form several spawning aggregations on a reef occurring around the new moon (Ref. 27259). Eggs float just below the surface (Ref. 6390). Larvae are pelagic (Ref. 6390). P. leopardus is used in cage culture; P. maculatus in Ref. 3081 was probably a mixture of P. maculatus and P. leopardus; the Plectropomus sp. used for the experiments reported in Capra et al., 1988 (Ref. 4719) consisted predominantly of P. leopardus, with some P. maculatus (M.F. Capra, pers. comm.). On the Great Barrier Reef, its maximum lifespan is 14 years (Ref. 37816). Heemstra, P.C. and J.E. Randall 1993 FAO Species Catalogue. Vol. 16. Groupers of the world (family Serranidae, subfamily Epinephelinae). An annotated and illustrated catalogue of the grouper, rockcod, hind, coral grouper and lyretail species known to date. Rome: FAO. FAO Fish. Synop. 125(16):382 p. (Ref. 5222) FB-DiagnosticDescr-4826 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Estelita Emily Capuli 1992-03-03 00:00:00 2017-05-02 00:00:00 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ WorldFish Center - FishBase General public http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=4826 http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#Threats This species is distinguished by the following characters: D VIII,11; A III,8; pectoral rays 14-17 (modally 16); lateral line scales 89-99, in longitudinal series 112-127 scales; interorbital space no embedded scales; gill rakers on first gill arch developed 1-3 + 6-10; front of jaws with a pair of large canine teeth and side of lower jaw with 1-4 large canines; body elongate, its greatest depth 2.9-3.6 in SL; truncate to slightly emarginate caudal fin; pectoral fins 2.0-2.3 in HL; pelvic fins 2.0-2.4 in HL; Head, body and fins with numerous blue spots on red, pale grey or olive to dark brown background; caudal fin with a narrow white posterior margin except near the corners; juveniles (< 5 cm) brown on upper 2/3 of side with scattered blue spots, broad whitish stripe from eye to caudal fin base, white on lower head and yellowish ventrally on side (Ref. 4787, 54980, 90102).Description: Color in life olivaceous to reddish brown (some are orange-red), paler ventrally with numerous minute round, dark-edged blue spots on head and body (except lower thorax and abdomen), median fins and pectoral fin base; largest spots on body with 3 times or more in greater pupil diameter; with more than 10 spots on cheek (in the region below and behind center of eye to preopercular margin); only Plectropomus with a nearly complete blue ring (dark brown in preservative) around the eye (sometimes broken into segments); whitish margin very narrow and usually present along middle or posterior margin of caudal fin, often preceded by an indistinct dark band; gill raker at right angle of first arch longer than longest gill filaments at angle; enlarged posterior nostril on individuals > 40 cm SL; dorsal soft ray 3rd or 4th longest, 2.2-2.75 in head; anal soft ray longest 2nd or 3rd, 2.05-2.45 in head; outer margin of anal fin from 4th -8th soft ray straight to slightly convex; caudal concavity 5.0-12.0 in head, fin length 1.3-1.55 in head; pectoral fins 1.9-2.2in head; pelvic fins 1.9-2.2 in head (Ref. 4787). Randall, J.E. and P.C. Heemstra 1991 Revision of Indo-Pacific groupers (Perciformes: Serranidae: Epinephelinae), with descriptions of five new species. Indo-Pac. Fish. (20):332 p. (Ref. 4787) FB-Morphology-4826 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Estelita Emily Capuli 1992-03-03 00:00:00 2017-05-02 00:00:00 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ WorldFish Center - FishBase General public http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=4826 http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#Habitat Dorsal spines (total): 7 - 8; Dorsal soft rays (total): 10 - 12; Analspines: 3; Analsoft rays: 8 Randall, J.E. and P.C. Heemstra 1991 Revision of Indo-Pacific groupers (Perciformes: Serranidae: Epinephelinae), with descriptions of five new species. Indo-Pac. Fish. (20):332 p. (Ref. 4787) FB-Distribution-4826 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Crispina B. Binohlan 1991-12-17 00:00:00 2023-09-22 00:00:00 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ WorldFish Center - FishBase General public http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=4826 http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#Distribution Western Pacific: from Western Australia, eastward to the Caroline Islands and Fiji: from southern Japan to Australia (Queensland); also recently recorded from Tonga (Ref. 53797). Often misidentified as Plectropomus maculatus. Heemstra, P.C. and J.E. Randall 1993 FAO Species Catalogue. Vol. 16. Groupers of the world (family Serranidae, subfamily Epinephelinae). An annotated and illustrated catalogue of the grouper, rockcod, hind, coral grouper and lyretail species known to date. Rome: FAO. FAO Fish. Synop. 125(16):382 p. (Ref. 5222) FB-Uses-4826 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Crispina B. Binohlan 1991-12-18 00:00:00 2020-11-17 00:00:00 Importance http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=4826 fisheries: commercial; aquaculture: commercial; gamefish: yes; aquarium: commercial Coppola, S.R., W. Fischer, L. Garibaldi, N. Scialabba and K.E. Carpenter 1994 SPECIESDAB: Global species database for fishery purposes. User's manual. FAO Computerized Information Series (Fisheries). No. 9. Rome, FAO. 103 p. (Ref. 171) Lanjumin, L. 1982 Development of cage culture for finfish in Riau Archipelago - Riau Province, Indonesia. p. 165-166. In R.D. Guerrero and V. Soesanto (eds.) Report of the training course on small-scale pen and cage culture for finfish. South China Sea Fisheries Development and Coordinating Programme. SCS/GEN/82/34. Manila, Philippines. (Ref. 3152) Kailola, P.J., M.J. Williams, P.C. Stewart, R.E. Reichelt, A. McNee and C. Grieve 1993 Australian fisheries resources. Bureau of Resource Sciences, Canberra, Australia. 422 p. (Ref. 6390) FB-LifeCycle-4826 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Susan M. Luna 1991-12-18 00:00:00 2020-11-17 00:00:00 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ WorldFish Center - FishBase General public http://www.fishbase.org//Reproduction/FishReproSummary.php?ID=4826&StockCode=5055 http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#Size A monandric species (Ref. 55367) but now confirmed for diandry (Ref. 103751). Estimated size at sex change occurs at 32.1 cm TL and 16 years of age (Ref. 55367).Courtship behavior: a male approaches 1 or more females from behind, changing color from dark brown to brownish white while the edges of median fins remained dark. As the male gets near, it flicks its dorsal and pelvic fins eliciting a mild lateral display from the female. The male rolls onto its side and shakes from side to side as its abdomen passes the female. Takes 15 seconds (Ref. 2160). Lewis, A.D., L.B. Chapman and A. Sesewa 1983 Biological notes on coastal pelagic fishes in Fiji. Tech. Rep. Fish. Div. (Fiji) (4):68 p. (Ref. 2927) FB-TrophicStrategy-4826 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Estelita Emily Capuli 2020-03-11 00:00:00 2023-06-02 00:00:00 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ WorldFish Center - FishBase General public leopardus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#Threats Inhabits coral reefs (Ref. 58534). May be observed with its 'cleaners', Labroides dimidiatus and Lepidaplois axillaris, and the shrimp, Stenopus sp. Intraspecific aggression is used in establishing temporarily held sites; schooling observed during feeding and in lieu of suitable cover. Fish, primarily atherinids and scarids comprise 96% of the adult diet while small juveniles feed on a few benthic crustaceans (Ref. 2160). Highly piscivorous, with Pomacentridae, Caesionidae, Scaridae and Labridae are four of the five most important prey families consumed and did not vary seasonally in the diet (Ref. 42842). They are home-ranging, moderately sedentary fish that associate with specific areas of mid-shelf reefs for several months. They regularly range approximately 2 km along the reef slope and up to 7.5 km on occasions (Ref. 27399). Longer range movements between reefs have been reported (Ref. 27410). They appear to range as mobile, opportunistic predators, but also maintain home sites for access to shelter and cleaning stations (Ref. 27426). They also migrate short distances within particular reef systems to spawn (Ref. 27259). Larger ones inhabit deeper waters (e.g., more than 20 m) outside the spawning period (Ref. 27264). They may also move into shallow water. These coral trouts feed during the day and exhibit different hunting strategies depending on the time of day. At dusk they appear to utilise an 'ambush' strategy whereas at dawn they 'prowl'. Groups of larger fish have been observed to hunt and chase small pelagic fish (Ref. 27399). Goeden, G.B. 1978 A monograph of the coral trout, <i>Plectropomus leopardus</i> (Lacepède). Queensland Fish. Serv. Res. Bull. 1:1-42. (Ref. 2160) FB-Size-4826 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Crispina B. Binohlan 1991-12-18 00:00:00 2020-11-17 00:00:00 Max. size http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ WorldFish Center - FishBase General public http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=4826 http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#Habitat 120 cm SL (male/unsexed; (Ref. 6390)); max. published weight: 23.6 kg (Ref. 6390); max. reported age: 26 years (Ref. 3639) Kailola, P.J., M.J. Williams, P.C. Stewart, R.E. Reichelt, A. McNee and C. Grieve 1993 Australian fisheries resources. Bureau of Resource Sciences, Canberra, Australia. 422 p. (Ref. 6390) Kailola, P.J., M.J. Williams, P.C. Stewart, R.E. Reichelt, A. McNee and C. Grieve 1993 Australian fisheries resources. Bureau of Resource Sciences, Canberra, Australia. 422 p. (Ref. 6390) Mathews, C.P. and M. Samuel 1987 Growth, mortality and assessment for groupers from Kuwait. Kuwait Bull. Mar. Sci. 9:173-191. (Ref. 3639) FB-Threats-2 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Belen Acosta 1990-10-18 00:00:00 2024-03-07 00:00:00 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ WorldFish Center - FishBase General public http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=2 http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#Distribution Least Concern (LC) , IUCN Grouper and Wrasse Specialist Group IUCN 2006 2006 IUCN red list of threatened species. www.iucnredlist.org. Downloaded July 2006. FB-Diseases-4826-725 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Allan Palacio 2004-04-19 00:00:00 2004-04-19 00:00:00 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ http://www.fishbase.org/diseases/diseasesList.cfm?ID=4826&StockCode=5055 Bacterial Gill Infection. Bacterial diseases Koesharyani, I., D. Roza, K. Mahardika, F. Johnny, [N.] Zafran and K. Yuasa 2001 Manual for fish disease diagnosis: Marine fish and crustacean diseases in Indonesia. Gondol Research Station for Coastal Fisheries, Central Research Institute for Fisheries, Agency for Agricultural Research and Development and Japan International Cooperation Agency, Indonesia. 57 p. (Ref. 48690) FB-Diseases-4826-279 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Rainer Froese 1992-06-19 00:00:00 1992-09-15 00:00:00 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ WorldFish Center - FishBase General public http://www.fishbase.org/diseases/diseasesList.cfm?ID=4826&StockCode=5055 http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#Size Pacificreadium Disease. Parasitic infestations (protozoa, worms, etc.) Bray, R.A. and T.H. Cribb 1989 Digeneans of the family Opecoelidae Ozaki, 1925 from the southern Great Barrier Reef, including a new genus and three new species. J. Nat. Hist. 23(2):429-473. (Ref. 3851) FB-Habitat-4826 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Crispina B. Binohlan 1991-12-18 00:00:00 2020-11-17 00:00:00 Environment http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ WorldFish Center - FishBase General public http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=4826 http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#Threats reef-associated; marine; depth range 3 - 100 m (Ref. 9710) Lieske, E. and R. Myers 1994 Collins Pocket Guide. Coral reef fishes. Indo-Pacific & Caribbean including the Red Sea. Haper Collins Publishers, 400 p. (Ref. 9710)