Scophthalmus maximus, Turbot : fisheries, aquaculture, gamefish, aquarium

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Related species
- Scophthalmus maeoticus
- Species in
  Scophthalmus
- Species in
  Scophthalmidae
- - Classification -
- Scophthalmidae
- Pleuronectiformes
- Teleostei
- Chordata
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Scophthalmus maximus (Linnaeus, 1758)

Turbot

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Native range | All suitable habitat | Point map | Year 2050

This map was computer-generated and has not yet been reviewed.

Scophthalmus maximus AquaMaps Data sources: GBIF OBIS

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Scophthalmus maximus
Picture by Quantz, G.

Classification / Names आम नाम | उपशब्द | Catalog of Fishes(वर्ग, प्रजाति) | ITIS | CoL | WoRMS | Cloffa

> Pleuronectiformes (Flatfishes) > Scophthalmidae (Turbots)
Etymology: Scophthalmus: Greek, skopelos = a lantern fish + Greek, ophthalmos = eyes (Ref. 45335).
More on author: Linnaeus.

Environment: milieu / climate zone / depth range / distribution range पारिस्थितिकी

समुद्री; खारा ड़िमरसल; औशिनोड़िरोमस (Ref. 51243); गहराई सीमा 20 - 70 m (Ref. 6302). Temperate; 70°N - 30°N, 25°W - 42°E

वितरण देश | ऐफ ऐ ओ क्षेत्र | Ecosystems | संयोग | Point map | भूमिका | Faunafri

Northeast Atlantic: throughout the Mediterranean and along the European coasts to Arctic Circle; also found in most of the Baltic Sea. Subspecies Psetta maxima maeotica in the Black Sea.

Length at first maturity / आकार / वज़न / Age

Maturity: L_m 40.8, range 41 - 54 cm
Max length : 100.0 cm SL पुल्लिंग / अलिंग; (Ref. 4703); common length : 50.0 cm TL पुल्लिंग / अलिंग; (Ref. 35388); common length :70 cm TL (female); अधिकतम प्रकाशित वज़न: 25.0 kg (Ref. 9988); अधिकतम सूचित उम्र: 25 वर्षो (Ref. 32766)

Short description पहचान कुंजी | आकृति विज्ञान | मौरफोमैटरिक्स

Body almost circular. Eye side without scales but with large bony tubercles (Ref. 35388).

Adults live on sandy, rocky or mixed bottoms; rather common in brackish waters. Feed mainly on other bottom-living fishes (sand-eels, gobies, etc.), and also, to a lesser extent, on larger crustaceans and bivalves. Batch spawner (Ref. 51846). Spawning season is between April and August; pelagic eggs. May reach 25 kg (Ref. 9988). Highly esteemed food fish. Utilized fresh or frozen; eaten steamed, pan-fried, broiled, boiled, microwaved and baked (Ref. 9988).

Life cycle and mating behavior परिपक्व अवधि | पुनरुत्पत्ति | मछलीऔ का अंडे देना | अंडे | Fecundity | लार्वा

Spawning usually happens between the months of February and April in the Mediterranean and from May to July in the Atlantic. Sequenced spawning every 2-4 days. Eggs have a single fat drop. Larvae are initially symmetric but, at the end of the metamorphosis (day 40-50, 25 mm), the right eye moves to the left side, losing its initial bilateral symmetry. Egg size 0.9 - 1.2 mm, larval length at hatching 2.7-3.1 mm.

Main reference Upload your references | संदर्भ | संयोजक | सहयोगीयो

Bauchot, M.-L., 1987. Poissons osseux. p. 891-1421. In W. Fischer, M.L. Bauchot and M. Schneider (eds.) Fiches FAO d'identification pour les besoins de la pêche. (rev. 1). Méditerranée et mer Noire. Zone de pêche 37. Vol. II. Commission des Communautés Européennes and FAO, Rome. (Ref. 3397)

IUCN Red List Status (Ref. 130435: Version 2024-2)

Least Concern (LC) ; Date assessed: 07 December 2020

CITES

Not Evaluated

CMS (Ref. 116361)

Not Evaluated

Threat to humans

Harmless

Human uses

मात्स्यिकी: व्यापारिक; जलीयकृषि: व्यापारिक; आखेट मत्स्य: हां; जलजीवालय: सार्वजनिक लजीवालय

FAO - Aquaculture systems: production, species profile; मात्स्यिकी: landings; Publication: search | FIRMS - Stock assessments | FishSource | Sea Around Us

अधिक जानकारी

Trophic ecology
खाद्य पदार्थ
संघटक आहार
आहार खपत
Food rations
परभक्षी

Ecology
पारिस्थितिकी

Population dynamics
Growth parameters
Max. ages / sizes
Length-weight rel.
Length-length rel.
Length-frequencies
Mass conversion
भर्ती
बहुतायत

Life cycle
पुनरुत्पत्ति
परिपक्व अवधि
Maturity/Gills rel.
Fecundity
मछलीऔ का अंडे देना
Spawning aggregations
अंडे
Egg development
लार्वा
लारवल गतिकी

Distribution
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ऐफ ऐ ओ क्षेत्र
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Anatomy
गिल क्षेत्र
Brain
Otolith

Physiology
Body composition
Nutrients
Oxygen consumption
Swimming type
Swimming speed
Visual pigments
Fish sound
Diseases & Parasites
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Genetics
आनुवंशिकी
Heterozygosity
हैरेटिबिलटी

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आम नाम
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इंटरनेट स्रोत

Estimates based on models

Preferred temperature (Ref. 123201): 5.9 - 11.9, mean 9.4 °C (based on 239 cells).

Phylogenetic diversity index (Ref. 82804): PD₅₀ = 0.5645 [Uniqueness, from 0.5 = low to 2.0 = high].

Bayesian length-weight: a=0.01122 (0.00922 - 0.01365), b=3.06 (3.00 - 3.12), in cm total length, based on LWR estimates for this species (Ref. 93245).

Trophic level (Ref. 69278): 4.4 ±0.0 se; based on diet studies.

Generation time: 4.8 (3.8 - 5.8) years. Estimated as median ln(3)/K based on 24 growth studies.

लौटाव (Ref. 120179): माध्यम, न्यूनतम जनसंख्या दुगनी होने का समय 1.4 - 4.4 वर्ष। (K=0.15-0.28; tm=3-5; tmax=26; Fec=5 million).

Prior r = 0.50, 95% CL = 0.33 - 0.75, Based on 9 full stock assessments.

Fishing Vulnerability (Ref. 59153): High vulnerability (60 of 100).

Climate Vulnerability (Ref. 125649): High vulnerability (65 of 100).

Price category (Ref. 80766): Very high.

Nutrients (Ref. 124155): Calcium = 28.5 [12.1, 48.8] mg/100g; Iron = 0.144 [0.058, 0.649] mg/100g; Protein = 19.5 [18.0, 21.0] %; Omega3 = 0.275 [0.153, 0.500] g/100g; Selenium = 14.1 [6.4, 33.9] μg/100g; VitaminA = 8.19 [2.10, 35.13] μg/100g; Zinc = 0.156 [0.092, 0.524] mg/100g (wet weight); based on nutrient studies.

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