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Scophthalmus maximus (Linnaeus, 1758)
Turbot
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| This map was computer-generated and has not yet been reviewed. |
| Scophthalmus maximus AquaMaps Data sources: GBIF OBIS |
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Scophthalmus maximus
Picture by Quantz, G.
Pictures | Videos | Stamps, coins, misc. | Google image
Picture by Quantz, G.
Classification / Names Nombres comunes | Sinónimos | Catalog of Fishes(Género, Especie) | ITIS | CoL | WoRMS | Cloffa
> Pleuronectiformes (Flatfishes) > Scophthalmidae (Turbots)
Etymology: Scophthalmus: Greek, skopelos = a lantern fish + Greek, ophthalmos = eyes (Ref. 45335).
More on author: Linnaeus.
Etymology: Scophthalmus: Greek, skopelos = a lantern fish + Greek, ophthalmos = eyes (Ref. 45335).
More on author: Linnaeus.
Environment: milieu / climate zone / depth range / distribution range Ecología
marino; salobre demersal; oceanodromo (Ref. 51243); rango de profundidad 20 - 70 m (Ref. 6302). Temperate; 70°N - 30°N, 25°W - 42°E
Distribución Países | Áreas FAO | Ecosistemas | Ocurrencias, apariciones | Point map | Introducciones | Faunafri
Northeast Atlantic: throughout the Mediterranean and along the European coasts to Arctic Circle; also found in most of the Baltic Sea. Subspecies Psetta maxima maeotica in the Black Sea.
Length at first maturity / Tamaño / Peso / Age
Maturity: Lm 40.8, range 41 - 54 cm
Max length : 100.0 cm SL macho / no sexado; (Ref. 4703); common length : 50.0 cm TL macho / no sexado; (Ref. 35388); common length :70 cm TL (female); peso máximo publicado: 25.0 kg (Ref. 9988); edad máxima reportada: 25 años (Ref. 32766)
Max length : 100.0 cm SL macho / no sexado; (Ref. 4703); common length : 50.0 cm TL macho / no sexado; (Ref. 35388); common length :70 cm TL (female); peso máximo publicado: 25.0 kg (Ref. 9988); edad máxima reportada: 25 años (Ref. 32766)
Short description Claves de identificación | Morfología | Morfometría
Body almost circular. Eye side without scales but with large bony tubercles (Ref. 35388).
Body shape (shape guide): short and / or deep; Cross section: flattened.
Body shape (shape guide): short and / or deep; Cross section: flattened.
Adults live on sandy, rocky or mixed bottoms; rather common in brackish waters. Feed mainly on other bottom-living fishes (sand-eels, gobies, etc.), and also, to a lesser extent, on larger crustaceans and bivalves. Batch spawner (Ref. 51846). Spawning season is between April and August; pelagic eggs. May reach 25 kg (Ref. 9988). Highly esteemed food fish. Utilized fresh or frozen; eaten steamed, pan-fried, broiled, boiled, microwaved and baked (Ref. 9988).
Life cycle and mating behavior Madurez | Reproducción | Puesta | Huevos | Fecundidad | Larva
Spawning usually happens between the months of February and April in the Mediterranean and from May to July in the Atlantic. Sequenced spawning every 2-4 days. Eggs have a single fat drop. Larvae are initially symmetric but, at the end of the metamorphosis (day 40-50, 25 mm), the right eye moves to the left side, losing its initial bilateral symmetry. Egg size 0.9 - 1.2 mm, larval length at hatching 2.7-3.1 mm.
Main reference
Upload your references | Referencias | Coordinador | Colaboradores
Bauchot, M.-L., 1987. Poissons osseux. p. 891-1421. In W. Fischer, M.L. Bauchot and M. Schneider (eds.) Fiches FAO d'identification pour les besoins de la pêche. (rev. 1). Méditerranée et mer Noire. Zone de pêche 37. Vol. II. Commission des Communautés Européennes and FAO, Rome. (Ref. 3397)
IUCN Red List Status (Ref. 130435: Version 2024-2)
Least Concern (LC) ; Date assessed: 07 December 2020
CITES
Not Evaluated
Threat to humans
Harmless
Human uses
Pesquerías: comercial; Acuicultura: comercial; pesca deportiva: si; Acuario: Acuarios públicos
FAO - Aquaculture systems: producción, species profile; pesquerías: landings; Publication: search | FIRMS - Stock assessments | FishSource | Sea Around Us
Más información
Trophic ecology
Food items (preys)
Composición de la dieta
consumo de alimento
Food rations
Despredadores
Food items (preys)
Composición de la dieta
consumo de alimento
Food rations
Despredadores
Population dynamics
Coeficiente del crecimiento para
Max. ages / sizes
Length-weight rel.
Length-length rel.
Length-frequencies
Mass conversion
Reclutamiento
Abundancia
Coeficiente del crecimiento para
Max. ages / sizes
Length-weight rel.
Length-length rel.
Length-frequencies
Mass conversion
Reclutamiento
Abundancia
Life cycle
Reproducción
Madurez
Maturity/Gills rel.
Fecundidad
Puesta
Spawning aggregations
Huevos
Egg development
Larva
Dinámica larvaria
Reproducción
Madurez
Maturity/Gills rel.
Fecundidad
Puesta
Spawning aggregations
Huevos
Egg development
Larva
Dinámica larvaria
Anatomy
Superficie branquial
Brain
Otolith
Superficie branquial
Brain
Otolith
Physiology
Body composition
Nutrients
Consumo del oxígeno
Tipo de natación
Velocidad de natación
Visual pigments
Fish sound
Diseases & Parasites
Toxicity (LC50s)
Body composition
Nutrients
Consumo del oxígeno
Tipo de natación
Velocidad de natación
Visual pigments
Fish sound
Diseases & Parasites
Toxicity (LC50s)
Human related
Aquaculture systems
Perfiles de acuicultura
Razas
Ciguatera cases
Stamps, coins, misc.
Aquaculture systems
Perfiles de acuicultura
Razas
Ciguatera cases
Stamps, coins, misc.
Herramientas
Bio-Quiz | E-book | Guía de campo | Claves de identificación | Asistente para frecuencias de tallas | Herramienta de ciclo de vida | Mapa de puntos | Classification Tree
| Catch-MSY |
Special reports
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Fuentes de Internet
AFORO (otoliths) | Alien/Invasive Species database | Aquatic Commons | BHL | Cloffa | BOLDSystems | Websites from users | Check FishWatcher | CISTI | Catalog of Fishes: Género, Especie | DiscoverLife | DORIS | ECOTOX | FAO - Aquaculture systems: producción, species profile; pesquerías: landings; Publication: search | Faunafri | Fishipedia | Fishtrace | GenBank: genome, nucleotide | GloBI | Google Books | Google Scholar | Google | IGFA World Record | MitoFish | Bases de datos nacionales | Otolith Atlas of Taiwan Fishes | Acuarios públicos | PubMed | Reef Life Survey | Socotra Atlas | Árbol de la vida | Wikipedia: Go, búsqueda | World Records Freshwater Fishing | Expediente Zoológico
Estimates based on models
Preferred temperature (Ref. 123201): 5.9 - 11.9, mean 9.4 °C (based on 239 cells).
Phylogenetic diversity index (Ref. 82804): PD50 = 0.5645 [Uniqueness, from 0.5 = low to 2.0 = high].
Bayesian length-weight: a=0.01122 (0.00922 - 0.01365), b=3.06 (3.00 - 3.12), in cm total length, based on LWR estimates for this species (Ref. 93245).
Nivel trófico (Ref. 69278): 4.4 ±0.0 se; based on diet studies.
Generation time: 4.8 (3.8 - 5.8) years. Estimated as median ln(3)/K based on 24 growth studies.
Resiliencia (Ref. 120179): Medio, población duplicada en un tiempo mínimo de 1.4-4.4 años (K=0.15-0.28; tm=3-5; tmax=26; Fec=5 million).
Prior r = 0.50, 95% CL = 0.33 - 0.75, Based on 9 full stock assessments.
Fishing Vulnerability (Ref. 59153): High vulnerability (60 of 100).
Climate Vulnerability (Ref. 125649): High vulnerability (65 of 100).
Nutrients (Ref. 124155): Calcium = 28.5 [12.1, 48.8] mg/100g; Iron = 0.144 [0.058, 0.649] mg/100g; Protein = 19.5 [18.0, 21.0] %; Omega3 = 0.275 [0.153, 0.500] g/100g; Selenium = 14.1 [6.4, 33.9] μg/100g; VitaminA = 8.19 [2.10, 35.13] μg/100g; Zinc = 0.156 [0.092, 0.524] mg/100g (wet weight); based on nutrient studies.