分類 / Names
俗名 | 同種異名 | Catalog of Fishes(屬, 種) | ITIS | CoL | WoRMS | Cloffa
Environment: milieu / climate zone / depth range / distribution range
生態學
; 淡水 底中水層性; 河川洄游 (Ref. 51243); 深度上下限 0 - 4 m. 溫帶; 4°C - 25°C (Ref. 2060); 34°S - 37°S
Oceania: Once widely distributed in the Murray-Darling basin and southeastern coastal drainages. Now reduced to cooler upper reaches of Murray-Darling basin, New South Wales, Australia. Introduced in the Wannon, Barwon, Yarra Rivers (Victoria) and the Nepean and Shoalhaven Rivers (New South Wales), Australia.
大洋洲: 一次廣泛分佈於 Murray-Darling 流域與東南方的海岸流域。 現在縮小成 Murray-Darling 流域，澳洲新南威爾斯的較冷的上游。 在 Wannon ， Barwon, Yarra 河 (維多利亞) 與尼匹恩與 Shoalhaven 河 (新南威爾斯) ，澳洲中引入。
Length at first maturity / 大小 / 重量 / 年齡
Maturity: Lm ? range ? - 30 cm
Max length : 46.0 cm SL 雄魚/尚未辨別雌雄; (Ref. 44894); common length : 23.0 cm SL 雄魚/尚未辨別雌雄; (Ref. 5259); 最大體重: 3.5 kg (Ref. 2906)
簡短描述
檢索表 | 型態特徵 | 形態測量圖
背棘 (總數) : 8 - 12; 背的軟條 (總數) : 12 - 15; 臀棘: 3; 臀鰭軟條: 8 - 11; 脊椎骨: 28 - 31.
Occurs in lakes and flowing streams usually in deep holes with rock or gravel substrates (Ref. 5259). Inhabits cool, clear water of rivers, lakes and reservoirs. Prefers slow-flowing, deep rocky pools. Solitary, swimming near the bottom or in mid-water, but form small shoals during the spawning season (October to December) (Ref. 44894). Forms large shoals near shore. Fry feeds on zooplankton; adult on aquatic insects, crustaceans and mollusks. Male matures at 20 cm (2 y), female at 30 cm (3 y). Spawns upstream in spring or early summer; eggs hatch in 13-18 days; larvae of 7 cm TL (Ref. 5259). Moves into areas just upstream of shallow riffles over gravel or rocky bottoms to spawn. The female releases demersal eggs which sink into cracks in the substrate. Fish in reservoirs move into flowing feeder streams to spawn. Sexual maturity is reached after 2 years (20 centimeters) for males, 3 years (30 centimeters) for females (Ref. 44894). Tolerates temp. down to 9°C (Ref. 7276). Infected by nematodes and copepod Lernaea cyprinacea (Ref. 7315).
出現於湖，而且流動的溪流通常在深潭有岩石或礫石底部。 形成大群魚群近岸。 魚苗吃浮游動物; 成魚捕食水生昆蟲，甲殼動物與軟體動物。 雄性在 20 公分 (2 y) 時成熟, 雌性在 30 公分 (3 y). 在春天或初夏向上游產卵; 卵在 13-18 天中孵化; 7 公分TL 的仔魚.(參考文獻 5259) 容忍溫度向下至 9 °C.(參考文獻 7276) 感染了線蟲類與橈腳類的動物 Lernaea cyprinacea 。 (參考文獻 7315)
Life cycle and mating behavior
成熟度 | 繁殖 | 產卵場 | 卵 | 孕卵數 | 仔魚
Return to same river or lake site to spawn each year. Sexually segregated schools (uniform size & age-bet. 4-10 y) migrate upstream: female groups some days or weeks in advance. Most abundant in lakes fed by suitable shallow streams with rock or gravel substrates. Male nudges female vent region; eggs released, fertilized. Eggs turn transparent, increase to 4.0 mm diameter, are spherical, adhesive and demersal and are swept downstream lodging in boulders and pebbles. Hatching in 10-18 days (11-18°C). Larvae shelter in boulders.大洋洲: 一次廣泛分佈於 Murray-Darling 流域與東南方的海岸流域。 現在縮小成 Murray-Darling 流域，澳洲新南威爾斯的較冷的上游。 在 Wannon ， Barwon, Yarra 河 (維多利亞) 與尼匹恩與 Shoalhaven 河 (新南威爾斯) ，澳洲中引入。
Paxton, J.R., D.F. Hoese, G.R. Allen and J.E. Hanley, 1989. Pisces. Petromyzontidae to Carangidae. Zoological Catalogue of Australia, Vol. 7. Australian Government Publishing Service, Canberra, 665 p. (Ref. 7300)
IUCN 瀕危狀態 (Ref. 130435: Version 2024-2)
瀕危 (EN) (A2ce; B2ab(ii,iii,iv)); Date assessed: 11 February 2019
人類使用
漁業: 商業性; 養殖: 商業性; 游釣魚種: 是的; 水族館: 商業性
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Estimates based on models
Phylogenetic diversity index (Ref.
82804): PD
50 = 0.5625 [Uniqueness, from 0.5 = low to 2.0 = high].
Bayesian length-weight: a=0.01738 (0.00677 - 0.04463), b=3.06 (2.83 - 3.29), in cm total length, based on LWR estimates for this (Sub)family-body shape (Ref.
93245).
營養階層 (Ref.
69278): 3.3 ±0.01 se; based on food items.
回復力 (Ref.
120179): 中等的, 族群倍增時間最少 1.4 - 4.4年 (tm=2-3).
Fishing Vulnerability (Ref.
59153): Moderate vulnerability (42 of 100).
