Environment: milieu / climate zone / depth range / distribution range
البيئة
بحري مرتبطة بالشعاب; نطاق العمق 0 - 5 m (Ref. 3723), usually 0 - 2 m (Ref. 40849). Subtropical; 43°N - 13°S
Western Atlantic: Massachusetts, USA and northern Gulf of Mexico to Brazil, including the Caribbean Sea (Ref. 3723); absent in Bermuda. Eastern Atlantic: Cape Verde and Dakar, Senegal to Luanda, Angola (Ref. 4497).
Length at first maturity / الحجم / وزن / العمر
Maturity: Lm 19.3 range ? - ? cm
Max length : 55.0 cm TL ذكر/ مختلط الجنس; (Ref. 2683); common length : 35.0 cm TL ذكر/ مختلط الجنس; (Ref. 3633); أعلا وزن تم نشرة: 200.00 g (Ref. 5217)
الأشعة الظهرية الناعمة (المجموع) : 13 - 14; أشعه شرجية لينه: 12 - 13. No ridge between nostril and eye (Ref. 26938).
An inshore, surface-dwelling species forming sizeable schools (Ref. 3723). Feeds mainly on sea grasses and small fishes (Ref. 3723). Mainly used as bait for offshore game fishes such as sailfishes and marlins; utilized as a food fish in the West Indies (Ref. 3723).
Robins, C.R. and G.C. Ray, 1986. A field guide to Atlantic coast fishes of North America. Houghton Mifflin Company, Boston, U.S.A. 354 p. (Ref. 7251)
IUCN Red List Status (Ref. 130435)
خطر للأنسان
Reports of ciguatera poisoning (Ref. 30911)
استخدامات بشرية
مصائد: غير مهمة تجارياً; طعم: usually
أدوات
تقارير خاصة
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مصادر علي الأنترنت
Estimates based on models
Preferred temperature (Ref.
123201): 20.5 - 28.1, mean 27.3 °C (based on 858 cells).
Phylogenetic diversity index (Ref.
82804): PD
50 = 0.5005 [Uniqueness, from 0.5 = low to 2.0 = high].
Bayesian length-weight: a=0.00380 (0.00278 - 0.00520), b=3.08 (3.02 - 3.14), in cm total length, based on LWR estimates for this species (Ref.
93245).
مستوى غذائي (Ref.
69278): 2.3 ±0.1 se; based on diet studies.
Generation time: 1.9 ( na - na) years. Estimated as median ln(3)/K based on 2
growth studies.
المرونه (Ref.
120179): وسيط, الحد الزمني الأدني لتضاعف عدد أفراد المجتمع 1.4-4.4 سنة (K=0.58 questionable; assuming tmax>3).
Prior r = 0.46, 95% CL = 0.31 - 0.69, Based on 1 data-limited stock assessment.
Fishing Vulnerability (Ref.
59153): Low to moderate vulnerability (27 of 100).
Climate Vulnerability (Ref.
125649): High to very high vulnerability (75 of 100).
Nutrients (Ref.
124155): Calcium = 62.8 [19.5, 142.1] mg/100g; Iron = 0.681 [0.267, 1.717] mg/100g; Protein = 18.4 [15.6, 20.9] %; Omega3 = 0.136 [0.053, 0.389] g/100g; Selenium = 14.2 [5.6, 39.2] μg/100g; VitaminA = 31.6 [6.7, 165.2] μg/100g; Zinc = 0.985 [0.565, 1.712] mg/100g (wet weight);
