Environment: milieu / climate zone / depth range / distribution range
生态学
海洋; 淡水; 半咸淡水 礁区鱼类; 非产卵性溯降河的 (Ref. 51243); 深度上下限 0 - 40 m (Ref. 3789), usually 0 - 15 m (Ref. 42064). 亞熱帶的; 10°C - 40°C (Ref. 93687); 49°N - 44°S, 99°W - 14°E (Ref. 55254)
Atlantic Ocean: from Nova Scotia, Bermuda and southward to Brazil in western Atlantic Ocean (Ref. 3234, 4446), where it it also found throughout the Gulf of Mexico and the Caribbean (Ref. 26938); from Mauritania to Angola in eastern Atlantic Ocean (Ref. 2845, 3234, 4446, 81266); with exceptional records in Portugal, Azores and Atlantic coast of southern France (Ref. 3234, 4446). Crossed the Panama canal and was caught at Coiba Island in the Pacific Ocean (Ref. 4446).
東大西洋: 塞內加爾到安哥拉, 在葡萄牙，亞速群島與法國南部的大西洋海岸中有例外的出現。 西大西洋: 美國北卡羅萊那州到 Bahia 巴西, 偶而有發生從美國海岸向北至加拿大的新斯科舍省而且向南至巴西的加納內依亞鎮與阿根廷。 在墨西哥灣與加勒比海各處.(參考文獻 26938) 中太平洋東部: 經由巴拿馬運河的在巴拿馬的軍曹魚島。
Length at first maturity / 大小 / 重量 / 年龄
Maturity: Lm 160.0, range 130 - 128.5 cm
Max length : 250 cm TL 雄鱼/尚未辨别雌雄; (Ref. 2683); common length : 130 cm TL 雄鱼/尚未辨别雌雄; (Ref. 2683); 最大体重: 161.0 kg (Ref. 26340); 最大年龄: 55 年 (Ref. 9975)
背棘 (总数) : 0; 背的软条 (总数) : 13 - 16; 臀棘: 0; 臀鳍软条: 22 - 25; 脊椎骨: 53 - 57. Diagnosis: It is characterized by the anterior position of pelvic fin insertions in relation to dorsal-fin origin, and by some morphometric counts: 13-16 dorsal-fin rays, 40-48 lateral-line scales and 53-57 vertebrae (Ref. 2845, 81266).
在身体的身体中央的背鳍有短的基底。 臀鳍有较长的基底, 在背鳍的水平的后端的起源。 胸鳍起源非常低的。 侧线鳞片有分枝的管。 蓝灰色的背面, 亮银色的侧边。 泳鳔依附于食道了而且能被将直接地装满空气; 这一个特徵使这种能够生活于缺氧的 (半咸淡水) 水域。 大的鳞片,37-42 在侧线中.(参考文献 26938) 持续扩大的如重的丝状突起的鳍条。 (参考文献 26938)
Obligate air-breathing (Ref. 126274); Inhabit coastal waters, bays, estuaries, mangrove-lined lagoons, and rivers (Ref. 3789, 27188). Often found in river mouths and bays, entering fresh water (Ref. 27227). Lower depth limit at 40m (Ref. 118621). Large schools may frequent particular spots for years (Ref. 9710). Feed on fishes like sardines, anchovies, Mugilidae, Centropomus, Cichlidae (mainly those forming schools) and crabs (Ref. 3789, 27188). The swim bladder, attached to the esophagus, can be filled directly with air and permits the fish to live in oxygen-poor waters. Has high fecundity, a 203 cm female is estimated to produce over 12 million eggs (Ref. 10863). Spawn in waters which can be temporarily isolated from the open sea (Ref. 27188). Transparent leptocephalus larvae migrate into estuaries (Ref. 57533). Famous for its spectacular leaps when hooked. Marketed fresh or salted (Ref. 3789). Large scales are used in ornamental work and in preparation of artificial pearls (Ref. 3789). Used to be cultured commercially in Colombia (Ref. 7306). Highly appreciated by sport fishers. The flesh is also highly appreciated despite its being bony (Ref. 27188). The world record for hook and line is 283 lbs. from Lake Maricaibo, Venezuela (Ref. 13442).
栖息于沿岸水域，海湾，河口，红树林林列的泻湖与河。 (参考文献 3789,27188) 时常发现于河口与海湾, 进入淡水。 (参考文献 27227) 大群鱼群可能常常聚集于特别的地点长达数年之久。 (参考文献 9710) 捕食像沙丁鱼， 鱼，鲻科鱼类， Centropomus ，慈鲷科鱼类 (主要地那些形成群体) 与螃蟹的鱼。 (参考文献 3789,27188) 被依附于食道的泳鳔,能被将直接地装满空气而且允许鱼生活于缺氧的水域。 有一个高的孕卵数, 具有一个被估计生产的 203 公分母鱼超过一千二百万个卵.(参考文献 10863) 产卵于可能是暂时孤立的从开放海域的水域中。 (参考文献 27188) 对于它的壮观跳跃是出名的当钩住。 在市场上销售生鲜地了或盐腌的.(参考文献 3789) 大的鳞片被用于装饰性的作品与在人造珍珠的材料.(参考文献 3789) 在哥伦比亚用于商业性地养殖了。 (参考文献 7306) 高度地获得钓客赏识了。 肉不在乎它是多骨的高度地也被欣赏。 (参考文献 27188) 因为一支钓是来自湖 Maricaibo ，委内瑞拉的 283个磅，世界记录。 (参考文献 13442)
Some populations may complete life cycle in freshwater, e.g. Lake Nicaragua in Central America, and Deep Lake in Florida (Ref. 4639).東大西洋: 塞內加爾到安哥拉, 在葡萄牙，亞速群島與法國南部的大西洋海岸中有例外的出現。 西大西洋: 美國北卡羅萊那州到 Bahia 巴西, 偶而有發生從美國海岸向北至加拿大的新斯科舍省而且向南至巴西的加納內依亞鎮與阿根廷。 在墨西哥灣與加勒比海各處.(參考文獻 26938) 中太平洋東部: 經由巴拿馬運河的在巴拿馬的軍曹魚島。
Hureau, J.-C., 1984. Megalopidae. p. 226-227. In P.J.P. Whitehead, M.-L. Bauchot, J.-C. Hureau, J. Nielsen and E. Tortonese (eds.) Fishes of the north-eastern Atlantic and Mediterranean. UNESCO, Paris. Vol. 1. (Ref. 3234)
人类利用
渔业: 商业性; 养殖: 商业性; 游钓鱼种: 是的; 水族馆: 公众的水族馆
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Estimates based on models
Preferred temperature (Ref.
123201): 19.6 - 28, mean 27 °C (based on 1409 cells).
Phylogenetic diversity index (Ref.
82804): PD
50 = 1.0020 [Uniqueness, from 0.5 = low to 2.0 = high].
Bayesian length-weight: a=0.01023 (0.00419 - 0.02501), b=3.02 (2.81 - 3.23), in cm total length, based on LWR estimates for this (Sub)family-body shape (Ref.
93245).
营养阶层 (Ref.
69278): 4.5 ±0.0 se; based on diet studies.
回复力 (Ref.
120179): 低的, 最小族群倍增时间4.5 - 14 年 (K=0.07-0.10; tmax=55; Fec>1 million).
Prior r = 0.34, 95% CL = 0.22 - 0.51, Based on 1 data-limited stock assessment.
Fishing Vulnerability (Ref.
59153): Very high vulnerability (76 of 100).
Climate Vulnerability (Ref.
125649): High to very high vulnerability (67 of 100).
Nutrients (Ref.
124155): Calcium = 8.83 [4.70, 21.29] mg/100g; Iron = 0.421 [0.226, 0.795] mg/100g; Protein = 19.5 [16.7, 22.0] %; Omega3 = 0.21 [0.11, 0.40] g/100g; Selenium = 21.2 [9.5, 44.3] μg/100g; VitaminA = 33 [9, 118] μg/100g; Zinc = 0.458 [0.310, 0.701] mg/100g (wet weight);
