分類 / Names
俗名 | 同種異名 | Catalog of Fishes(屬, 種) | ITIS | CoL | WoRMS | Cloffa
Environment: milieu / climate zone / depth range / distribution range
生態學
海洋; 淡水; 半鹹淡水 居於水底的; 降海洄游 (Ref. 46888); 深度上下限 10 - ? m (Ref. 3791). 亞熱帶的; 32°N - 51°S
Western Atlantic: Bermuda, Florida (USA), Bahamas, and throughout the Caribbean Sea to Argentina.
西大西洋: 百慕達群島，佛羅里達 (美國) ，巴哈馬, 與在加勒比海到阿根廷各處。
Length at first maturity / 大小 / 重量 / 年齡
Maturity: Lm 35.0, range 40 - ? cm
Max length : 80.0 cm TL 雄魚/尚未辨別雌雄; (Ref. 5217); 69.0 cm TL (female); common length : 40.0 cm TL 雄魚/尚未辨別雌雄; (Ref. 5217); 最大體重: 9.0 kg (Ref. 5217)
背棘 (總數) : 5; 背的軟條 (總數) : 8; 臀棘: 3; 臀鰭軟條: 8.
Inhabit coastal marine waters and brackish estuaries (Ref. 3791); also found in hyper-saline lagoons and may enter freshwater (Ref. 5217). Never far from the sea (Ref. 3791). Form sizeable schools (Ref. 3791). Appear to undergo trophic migrations along the coasts (Ref. 35237). Feed on organic detritus and filamentous algae (Ref. 9626). Oviparous, eggs are pelagic and non-adhesive (Ref. 205). Spawn several million eggs (Ref. 35237) at sea (Ref. 3791). Also caught with beach nets (Ref. 5217). Marketed fresh and salted (Ref. 5217). The roe is marketed salt-pickled and dried and considered a delicacy (Ref. 5217).
棲息於海洋沿岸水域與半鹹淡水河口;(參考文獻 3791) 也發現於高鹽度的潟湖而且可能進入淡水.(參考文獻 5217) 從不遠離海洋。 (參考文獻 3791) 形式可大小的魚群.(參考文獻 3791) 似乎歷經覓食迴游沿著海岸.(參考文獻 35237) 捕食有機的碎屑與菌絲藻。 (參考文獻 9626) 卵生的, 卵是大洋性與非黏性物.(參考文獻 205) 在海上產卵數百萬卵 (參考文獻 35237) 。 (參考文獻 3791) 也用海灘網捕獲。 (參考文獻 5217) 在市場上銷售生鮮地.與鹽醃的.(參考文獻 5217) 魚白被在市場上銷售鹽漬的而且乾製.而且被認為是一個佳餚.(參考文獻 5217)
Life cycle and mating behavior
Maturities | 繁殖 | Spawnings | Egg(s) | Fecundities | 仔魚
西大西洋: 百慕達群島，佛羅里達 (美國) ，巴哈馬, 與在加勒比海到阿根廷各處。
Robins, C.R. and G.C. Ray, 1986. A field guide to Atlantic coast fishes of North America. Houghton Mifflin Company, Boston, U.S.A. 354 p. (Ref. 7251)
人類使用
漁業: 商業性; 養殖: 商業性
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Estimates based on models
Preferred temperature (Ref.
123201): 22.5 - 27.7, mean 25.5 °C (based on 280 cells).
Phylogenetic diversity index (Ref.
82804): PD
50 = 0.5000 [Uniqueness, from 0.5 = low to 2.0 = high].
Bayesian length-weight: a=0.01047 (0.00905 - 0.01211), b=2.95 (2.92 - 2.98), in cm total length, based on LWR estimates for this species (Ref.
93245).
營養階層 (Ref.
69278): 2.0 ±0.00 se; based on food items.
回復力 (Ref.
120179): 中等的, 族群倍增時間最少 1.4 - 4.4年 (K=0.11-0.24; assuming tm=2-3).
Prior r = 0.33, 95% CL = 0.22 - 0.50, Based on 7 data-limited stock assessments.
Fishing Vulnerability (Ref.
59153): Moderate vulnerability (37 of 100).
Climate Vulnerability (Ref.
125649): High vulnerability (57 of 100).
Nutrients (Ref.
124155): Calcium = 152 [57, 453] mg/100g; Iron = 2.51 [0.46, 11.24] mg/100g; Protein = 19.8 [18.3, 21.2] %; Omega3 = 0.464 [0.221, 1.025] g/100g; Selenium = 60.8 [21.7, 208.2] μg/100g; VitaminA = 6.03 [1.72, 21.87] μg/100g; Zinc = 1.73 [0.83, 4.23] mg/100g (wet weight); based on
nutrient studies.
