分類 / Names
俗名 | 同種異名 | Catalog of Fishes(屬, 種) | ITIS | CoL | WoRMS | Cloffa
Environment: milieu / climate zone / depth range / distribution range
生態學
海洋 居於水底的; 深度上下限 90 - 360 m (Ref. 89707). 亞熱帶的; 36°N - 28°S, 98°W - 34°W (Ref. 5222)
Western Atlantic: North Carolina, USA to southern Brazil, including Gulf of Mexico and the Caribbean.
西大西洋: 美國北卡羅萊那州到巴西南部, 包括墨西哥灣與加勒比海。
Length at first maturity / 大小 / 重量 / 年齡
Maturity: Lm ?, range 58 - ? cm
Max length : 115 cm TL 雄魚/尚未辨別雌雄; (Ref. 5222); common length : 50.0 cm TL 雄魚/尚未辨別雌雄; (Ref. 5217); 最大體重: 18.6 kg (Ref. 40637); 最大年齡: 35 年 (Ref. 36872)
背棘 (總數) : 11; 背的軟條 (總數) : 13 - 15; 臀棘: 3; 臀鰭軟條: 9. Distinguished by the following characteristics: buff or greyish brown head and body, whitish ventrally; yellow margins of dorsal and pectoral fins, sometimes including anal and caudal fins; pale blue line from the eye to the angle of preopercle; depth of body less than head length, contained 2.7-2.9 times in SL; head length 2.4-2.6 times in SL; convex interorbital area; angular preopercle, serrae at the angle distinctly enlarged; eye diameter equal to or greater than interorbital width in fish less than 45 cm SL; posterior and anterior nostrils subequal in size (Ref. 89707).
A solitary species (Ref. 26340) occurring in rocky areas and on sand mud bottom. On soft bottoms they are often seen in or near trenches or burrow-like excavations. Feeds on a wide variety of invertebrates (mainly brachyuran crabs) and fishes. Marketed fresh and considered good quality.
出現在岩石區的一種獨居性種 (參考文獻 26340) 與在沙子泥底上。 在軟質底部上，他們時常被中見到或在海溝或像洞穴一樣的洞穴附近。 吃各式各樣的無脊椎動物 (主要地十足目螃蟹) 與魚。 在市場上銷售生鮮地而且被認為是好品質。
Life cycle and mating behavior
成熟度 | 繁殖 | 產卵場 | 卵 | 孕卵數 | 仔魚
西大西洋: 美國北卡羅萊那州到巴西南部, 包括墨西哥灣與加勒比海。
Craig, M.T. and P.A. Hastings, 2007. A molecular phylogeny of the groupers of the subfamily Epinephelinae (Serranidae) with revised classification of the epinephelini. Ichthyol. Res. 54:1-17. (Ref. 83414)
IUCN 瀕危狀態 (Ref. 130435: Version 2024-2)
人類使用
漁業: 商業性; 游釣魚種: 是的
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Estimates based on models
Preferred temperature (Ref.
123201): 14.8 - 23.6, mean 19.6 °C (based on 59 cells).
Phylogenetic diversity index (Ref.
82804): PD
50 = 0.5001 [Uniqueness, from 0.5 = low to 2.0 = high].
Bayesian length-weight: a=0.01738 (0.00971 - 0.03111), b=3.05 (2.90 - 3.20), in cm total length, based on LWR estimates for this species & Genus-body shape (Ref.
93245).
營養階層 (Ref.
69278): 3.8 ±0.61 se; based on food items.
回復力 (Ref.
120179): 低的, 最小族群倍增時間4.5 - 14 年 (K=0.10; tmax=35).
Prior r = 0.25, 95% CL = 0.16 - 0.37, Based on 1 full stock assessment.
Fishing Vulnerability (Ref.
59153): High to very high vulnerability (66 of 100).
Climate Vulnerability (Ref.
125649): High to very high vulnerability (75 of 100).
Nutrients (Ref.
124155): Calcium = 38.8 [17.1, 74.5] mg/100g; Iron = 0.782 [0.423, 1.466] mg/100g; Protein = 18.6 [16.7, 20.2] %; Omega3 = 0.369 [0.233, 0.616] g/100g; Selenium = 45.9 [24.7, 85.6] μg/100g; VitaminA = 8.59 [2.99, 27.81] μg/100g; Zinc = 0.533 [0.386, 0.778] mg/100g (wet weight);
