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Hypanus americanus, Southern stingray : fisheries, gamefish
Disk has sharp outer corners and irregular row of short spines on upper surface (Ref. 26938). Disk usually uniform dark brown above, grayer in young. Ventral finfold on tail long and high, dorsal finfold absent (Ref. 7251). Upper surface of disc gray, dark or olivaceous brown or olive green. Lower surface of disc white or whitish with an edging of gray or brown (Ref. 6902). Body shape (shape guide): other.
Found on sandy bottoms, seagrass beds, lagoons and the reef face (Ref. 12951). Common in bays and estuaries (Ref. 7251). Observed singly, in pairs and in aggregations (Ref. 12951). Buries in the sand during the day and forages at night, usually in seagrass beds (Ref. 12951). Feeds mainly on bivalves and worms and also takes shrimps, crabs and small fishes (Ref. 3168). Feeds by creating depressions in the sand to expose invertebrates and small fishes (Ref. 9710). Ovoviviparous, with 3-4 in a litter (Ref. 12951). May be found in cleaning stations where they are attended to by the bluehead wrasse and Spanish hogfish (Ref. 12951). Equipped with a well-developed serrated spine and capable of inflicting a painful laceration. Easily approached by divers (Ref. 9710).
Exhibit ovoviparity (aplacental viviparity), with embryos feeding initially on yolk, then receiving additional nourishment from the mother by indirect absorption of uterine fluid enriched with mucus, fat or protein through specialised structures (Ref. 50449). Distinct pairing with embrace (Ref. 205). Male mounts on female dorsally (Ref. 12951).
Last, P.R., W.T. White, M.R. de Carvalho, B. Séret, M.F.W. Stehmann and G.J.P. Naylor, 2016. Rays of the world. CSIRO Publishing, Comstock Publishing Associates. i-ix + 1-790. (Ref. 114953)
စိုးရိမ္ဖြယ္အေျခအေနသို႔ေရာက္ရွိေန ေသာမ်ိဳးသုဥ္းရွားပါးေတာ့မည့္မ်ိဳးစိတ္မ်ား၏အဆင့္အတန္း (Ref. 130435: Version 2025-2 (Global))
နှစ်သက်ရာ အပူချိန် (က်မ္းကိုးစာရင္း 123201): 23.7 - 28.1, mean 27.3 °C (based on 795 cells).
Phylogenetic diversity အညွှန်းကိန်း (က်မ္းကိုးစာရင္း 82804): PD50 = 0.5010 [Uniqueness, from 0.5 = low to 2.0 = high].
Bayesian length-weight: a=0.00447 (0.00189 - 0.01058), b=3.12 (2.92 - 3.32), in cm total length, based on LWR estimates for this (Sub)family-body shape (Ref. 93245).
အစာရရွိမႈကြင္းဆက္နွင့္ အစာစားေသာအေလ့အက်င့္ (က်မ္းကိုးစာရင္း 69278): 3.5 ±0.0 se; based on diet studies.
