分類 / Names
俗名 | 同種異名 | Catalog of Fishes(屬, 種) | ITIS | CoL | WoRMS | Cloffa
Teleostei >
Pleuronectiformes (Flatfishes)
鰈形目 (Flatfishes) >
Paralichthyidae (Large-tooth flounders)
牙鮃科 (Large-tooth flounders)
Etymology: Pseudorhombus: Greek, pseudes = false + Greek, rhombos = paralelogram (Ref. 45335).
More on author: Hamilton.
Environment: milieu / climate zone / depth range / distribution range
生態學
海洋; 半鹹淡水 居於水底的; 海洋洄游的 (Ref. 51243); 深度上下限 0 - 200 m (Ref. 30573). 熱帶; 35°N - 36°S
Indo-West Pacific: Persian Gulf and east coast of Africa (south to Algoa Bay and perhaps to Knysna, South Africa) to Fiji, north to southern Japan, south to the northern coast of Australia.
印度-西太平洋: 波斯灣與非洲東岸 (南至 Algoa 海灣與也許對南非的耐斯納) 到斐濟, 北至日本南部, 南至澳洲的北海岸。
Length at first maturity / 大小 / 重量 / 年齡
Maturity: Lm 16.5, range 16 - 17 cm
Max length : 45.0 cm TL 雄魚/尚未辨別雌雄; (Ref. 6804); common length : 30.0 cm SL 雄魚/尚未辨別雌雄; (Ref. 9774)
背棘 (總數) : 0; 背的軟條 (總數) : 71 - 84; 臀棘: 0; 臀鰭軟條: 53 - 62; 脊椎骨: 36. Some pairs of moderately large canines in anterior part of both jaws, 6 to 13 lateral teeth in lower jaw, stronger and more widely spaced than those of upper jaw. Gill rakers pointed, longer than broad. Soft ray count of pectoral fin refers to that on ocular side (Ref 9774).
在雙顎的前部中的一些對普通大的犬齒, 在下頜中的 6 到 13個側齒, 比較強壯與比那些更空隙大上頜。 鰓耙尖的, 長度超過寬的。 胸鰭的軟鰭條計數以有眼睛的一邊 (參考文獻 9774) 為準。
Found in shallow waters and estuaries, on mud and sand bottoms, to depths of 200 m (Ref. 30573). Juveniles common in brackish water (Ref. 9774). Feeds on benthic animals (Ref. 5213). Mainly sold fresh (Ref. 9774).
在泥與沙底部上，發現於淺水域與河口了, 到深度 200 公尺.(參考文獻 30573) 稚魚常見於半淡鹹水。 (參考文獻 9774) 吃底棲的動物。 (參考文獻 5213) 主要地賣了生鮮地。 (參考文獻 9774)
Life cycle and mating behavior
Maturities | 繁殖 | Spawnings | Egg(s) | Fecundities | 仔魚
Distinct pairing (Ref. 205).印度-西太平洋: 波斯灣與非洲東岸 (南至 Algoa 海灣與也許對南非的耐斯納) 到斐濟, 北至日本南部, 南至澳洲的北海岸。
Desoutter, M., 1986. Bothidae. p. 428-429. In J. Daget, J.-P. Gosse and D.F.E. Thys van den Audenaerde (eds.) Check-list of the freshwater fishes of Africa (CLOFFA). ISNB, Brussels; MRAC, Tervuren; and ORSTOM, Paris. Vol. 2. (Ref. 6804)
人類使用
漁業: 商業性; 游釣魚種: 是的
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Estimates based on models
Preferred temperature (Ref.
123201): 21.4 - 28.5, mean 27 °C (based on 1365 cells).
Phylogenetic diversity index (Ref.
82804): PD
50 = 0.5000 [Uniqueness, from 0.5 = low to 2.0 = high].
Bayesian length-weight: a=0.00589 (0.00478 - 0.00725), b=3.16 (3.11 - 3.21), in cm total length, based on LWR estimates for this species (Ref.
93245).
營養階層 (Ref.
69278): 4.2 ±0.7 se; based on diet studies.
Generation time: 6.9 ( na - na) years. Estimated as median ln(3)/K based on 1
growth studies.
回復力 (Ref.
120179): 中等的, 族群倍增時間最少 1.4 - 4.4年 (K=0.16; tmax=7).
Fishing Vulnerability (Ref.
59153): Moderate to high vulnerability (49 of 100).
Nutrients (Ref.
124155): Calcium = 105 [47, 197] mg/100g; Iron = 0.9 [0.5, 1.7] mg/100g; Protein = 16.9 [14.8, 18.9] %; Omega3 = 0.154 [0.076, 0.302] g/100g; Selenium = 62.3 [26.9, 142.5] μg/100g; VitaminA = 25.3 [6.7, 101.3] μg/100g; Zinc = 0.9 [0.6, 1.4] mg/100g (wet weight);
