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Epinephelus itajara (Lichtenstein, 1822)
Atlantic goliath grouper
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| Native range | All suitable habitat | Point map | Year 2050 |
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| This map was computer-generated and has not yet been reviewed. |
| Epinephelus itajara AquaMaps Data sources: GBIF OBIS |
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Epinephelus itajara
Picture by Bertoncini, A.A.
Pictures | Videos | Sounds | Stamps, coins, misc. | Google image
Picture by Bertoncini, A.A.
Classification / Names आम नाम | उपशब्द | Catalog of Fishes(वर्ग, प्रजाति) | ITIS | CoL | WoRMS | Cloffa
> Perciformes/Serranoidei (Groupers) > Epinephelidae (Groupers)
Etymology: Epinephelus: Greek, epinephelos = cloudy (Ref. 45335).
Etymology: Epinephelus: Greek, epinephelos = cloudy (Ref. 45335).
Environment: milieu / climate zone / depth range / distribution range पारिस्थितिकी
समुद्री; खारा प्रवाल-भित्ति संयुक्त; गहराई सीमा 0 - 100 m (Ref. 9710), usually ? - 46 m (Ref. 55295). Subtropical; 36°N - 33°S, 121°W - 12°E (Ref. 55295)
वितरण देश | ऐफ ऐ ओ क्षेत्र | Ecosystems | संयोग | Point map | भूमिका | Faunafri
Western Atlantic: Florida, USA to southern Brazil, including the Gulf of Mexico and the Caribbean. Eastern Atlantic: Senegal to Congo (reported as Epinephelus esonue, Ref. 2739, 6809); rare in Canary Islands (Ref. 6808). Eastern Pacific (Gulf of California to Peru) species refers to Epinephelus quinquefasciatus. Discrete populations of E. itajara exist in the western Atlantic (Ref. 89627).
Length at first maturity / आकार / वज़न / Age
Maturity: Lm 128.0 range ? - ? cm
Max length : 250 cm TL पुल्लिंग / अलिंग; (Ref. 26550); common length : 150 cm TL पुल्लिंग / अलिंग; (Ref. 5217); अधिकतम प्रकाशित वज़न: 455.0 kg (Ref. 4841); अधिकतम सूचित उम्र: 37 वर्षो (Ref. 4841)
Max length : 250 cm TL पुल्लिंग / अलिंग; (Ref. 26550); common length : 150 cm TL पुल्लिंग / अलिंग; (Ref. 5217); अधिकतम प्रकाशित वज़न: 455.0 kg (Ref. 4841); अधिकतम सूचित उम्र: 37 वर्षो (Ref. 4841)
Short description पहचान कुंजी | आकृति विज्ञान | मौरफोमैटरिक्स
पृष्ठीय रीढ़ (सम्पूर्ण) : 11; पृष्ठीय सौफट रेज़ (सम्पूर्ण) : 15 - 16; गुदा कांटा: 3; ऐनल सौफट रेज़: 8. Distinguished by the following characteristics: brownish yellow, grey or greenish body color; head and dorsal part of body and fins with small black spots; body robust and elongate; body depth contained 2.7-3.4 times in SL; HL 2.3-2.9 in SL; extremely broad head; flat interorbital; rounded preopercle, finely serrate; round nostrils, subequal; maxilla scaly, reaching well past eye; 3-5 rows of subequal teeth on midlateral part of lower jaw; absence of canines at front jaw (Ref. 89707); further characterized by having opercle with 3 flat spines, middle one the largest. Pelvic fins smaller than the pectorals. Bases of soft dorsal and anal fins covered with scales and thick skin. Juveniles tawny with irregular vertical bands.
A solitary species (Ref. 26340) occurring in shallow, inshore areas. Found on rock, coral, or mud bottoms (Ref. 5217). Juveniles found in mangrove areas and brackish estuaries (Ref. 5217). Large adults may be found in estuaries (Ref. 5217). Adults appear to occupy limited home ranges with little inter-reef movement. Feeds primarily on crustaceans, particularly spiny lobsters as well as turtles and fishes, including stingrays. Territorial near its refuge cave or wreck where it may show a threat display with open mouth and quivering body. Larger individuals have been known to stalk and attacks divers. Over-fished, primarily by spear fishing (Ref. 9710). Marketed fresh and salted. Meat is of excellent quality. Important game fish (Ref. 9342). Reported to reach weights of more than 315 kg (Ref. 26938).
Life cycle and mating behavior परिपक्व अवधि | पुनरुत्पत्ति | मछलीऔ का अंडे देना | अंडे | Fecundity | लार्वा
Main reference
Upload your references | संदर्भ | संयोजक | सहयोगीयो
Heemstra, P.C. and J.E. Randall, 1993. FAO Species Catalogue. Vol. 16. Groupers of the world (family Serranidae, subfamily Epinephelinae). An annotated and illustrated catalogue of the grouper, rockcod, hind, coral grouper and lyretail species known to date. Rome: FAO. FAO Fish. Synop. 125(16):382 p. (Ref. 5222)
IUCN Red List Status (Ref. 130435: Version 2024-2)
वेदनीय, आई यु सी ऐन लाल सूची देखें। (VU) (A2bcd); Date assessed: 20 November 2016
CITES
Not Evaluated
Threat to humans
Traumatogenic (Ref. 4716)
Human uses
मात्स्यिकी: लघु वाणिज्य; आखेट मत्स्य: हां
FAO - Publication: search | FishSource | Sea Around Us
अधिक जानकारी
Population dynamics
Growth parameters
Max. ages / sizes
Length-weight rel.
Length-length rel.
Length-frequencies
Mass conversion
भर्ती
बहुतायत
Growth parameters
Max. ages / sizes
Length-weight rel.
Length-length rel.
Length-frequencies
Mass conversion
भर्ती
बहुतायत
Life cycle
पुनरुत्पत्ति
परिपक्व अवधि
Maturity/Gills rel.
Fecundity
मछलीऔ का अंडे देना
Spawning aggregations
अंडे
Egg development
लार्वा
लारवल गतिकी
पुनरुत्पत्ति
परिपक्व अवधि
Maturity/Gills rel.
Fecundity
मछलीऔ का अंडे देना
Spawning aggregations
अंडे
Egg development
लार्वा
लारवल गतिकी
Physiology
Body composition
Nutrients
Oxygen consumption
Swimming type
Swimming speed
Visual pigments
Fish sound
Diseases & Parasites
Toxicity (LC50s)
Body composition
Nutrients
Oxygen consumption
Swimming type
Swimming speed
Visual pigments
Fish sound
Diseases & Parasites
Toxicity (LC50s)
साधन
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इंटरनेट स्रोत
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Estimates based on models
Preferred temperature (Ref. 123201): 22.8 - 28, mean 26.3 °C (based on 532 cells).
Phylogenetic diversity index (Ref. 82804): PD50 = 0.5000 [Uniqueness, from 0.5 = low to 2.0 = high].
Bayesian length-weight: a=0.01096 (0.00638 - 0.01885), b=3.03 (2.89 - 3.17), in cm total length, based on LWR estimates for this species & Genus-body shape (Ref. 93245).
Trophic level (Ref. 69278): 4.1 ±0.0 se; based on diet studies.
Generation time: 8.7 ( na - na) years. Estimated as median ln(3)/K based on 1 growth studies.
लौटाव (Ref. 120179): निम्न, न्यूनतम जनसंख्या दुगनी होने का समय 4.5 - 14 वर्ष। (K=0.13; tm=5.5-6.5).
Fishing Vulnerability (Ref. 59153): High to very high vulnerability (70 of 100).
Nutrients (Ref. 124155): Calcium = 7.75 [2.67, 16.99] mg/100g; Iron = 0.365 [0.171, 0.783] mg/100g; Protein = 19.9 [18.3, 21.5] %; Omega3 = 0.169 [0.084, 0.334] g/100g; Selenium = 25.9 [11.7, 60.3] μg/100g; VitaminA = 40.7 [8.5, 195.4] μg/100g; Zinc = 0.626 [0.390, 0.977] mg/100g (wet weight);