Environment: milieu / climate zone / depth range / distribution range
البيئة
بحري; مياه مخلوطة; نطاق العمق 1 - 50 m (Ref. 189). Tropical; 10°N - 27°S, 61°W - 37°W (Ref. 189)
Western Atlantic: Orinoco River mouth, Venezuela and the Guianas south to Rio Ribeiro do Iguape, Sao Paulo, Brazil.
الحجم / وزن / العمر
Maturity: Lm ? range ? - ? cm
Max length : 9.0 cm TL ذكر/ مختلط الجنس; (Ref. 5217); common length : 7.0 cm TL ذكر/ مختلط الجنس; (Ref. 5217)
الأشواك الظهرية (المجموع) : 0; شوكة شرجية: 0; أشعه شرجية لينه: 15 - 17. Snout short, about 1/2 eye diameter and projecting only slightly beyond lower jaw; maxilla short, tip bluntly rounded, failing to reach pre-operculum by about 1/2 pupil diameter; lower jaw longer than upper, its symphysis almost at tip of snout. Gill cover canals of panamensis-type. Anal fin origin below last part of dorsal fin base. Stripe about 3/4 eye diameter over anal fin (Ref. 188).
Occurs in coastal waters, but also in estuaries and into almost freshwater. Ripe or almost ripe individuals were caught in March and May.
Life cycle and mating behavior
Maturities | التكاثر | Spawnings | Egg(s) | Fecundities | Larvae
Spawn in school (Ref. 205).
Whitehead, P.J.P., G.J. Nelson and T. Wongratana, 1988. FAO Species Catalogue. Vol. 7. Clupeoid fishes of the world (Suborder Clupeoidei). An annotated and illustrated catalogue of the herrings, sardines, pilchards, sprats, shads, anchovies and wolf-herrings. FAO Fish. Synop. 125(7/2):305-579. Rome: FAO. (Ref. 189)
IUCN Red List Status (Ref. 130435)
استخدامات بشرية
مصائد: مصائد تستهلك محلينا
أدوات
تقارير خاصة
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مصادر علي الأنترنت
Estimates based on models
Preferred temperature (Ref.
123201): 27 - 27.9, mean 27.5 °C (based on 78 cells).
Phylogenetic diversity index (Ref.
82804): PD
50 = 0.5000 [Uniqueness, from 0.5 = low to 2.0 = high].
Bayesian length-weight: a=0.00537 (0.00253 - 0.01141), b=3.13 (2.96 - 3.30), in cm total length, based on LWR estimates for this (Sub)family-body shape (Ref.
93245).
مستوى غذائي (Ref.
69278): 3.2 ±0.4 se; based on size and trophs of closest relatives
المرونه (Ref.
120179): عالي, الحد الزمني الأدني لتضاعف عدد أفراد المجتمع أقل من 15 شهر (Preliminary K or Fecundity.).
Fishing Vulnerability (Ref.
59153): Low vulnerability (10 of 100).
