>
Eupercaria/misc (Various families in series Eupercaria) >
Lethrinidae (Emperors or scavengers) > Lethrininae
Etymology: Lethrinus: Greek, lethrinia, a fish pertaining to genus Pagellus.
More on author: Valenciennes.
Environment: milieu / climate zone / εύρος βάθους / distribution range
Οικολογία
Θαλασσινό(ά) Υφαλόφιλο(α); μη μεταναστευτικό(ά); εύρος βάθους 15 - 120 m (Ref. 9710). Tropical; 30°N - 23°S
Indo-Pacific: East Africa to the Society and Tuamoto islands, north to the Ryukyu Islands, south to northeastern Australia. The name Lethrinus kallopterus has long been applied to this species. Lethrinus cinnabarinus Richardson also appears to be synonymous with this species.
Length at first maturity / Μέγεθος / Βάρος / Age
Γεννητική Ωρίμανση: Lm ?, range 25 - ? cm
Max length : 70.0 cm TL αρσενικό/απροσδιόριστο; (Ref. 2295); common length : 50.0 cm TL αρσενικό/απροσδιόριστο; (Ref. 2295)
Ραχιαίες άκανθες (συνολικά) : 10; Μαλακές ραχιαίες ακτίνες (συνολικά) : 9; Εδρικές άκανθες: 3; Μαλακές εδρικές ακτίνες: 8. The largest species of Lethrinus distinguished by the following characters: body moderately deep, its depth 2.5-2.7 times in standard length (SL); head length 0.9-1 times in body depth, 2.5-2.8 times in SL; dorsal profile near eye nearly straight or slightly convex; snout moderately short, its length about 1.8-2.4 times in HL, measured without the lip the snout is 0.8-1.1 times in cheek height, its dorsal profile distinctly concave in large individuals and nearly straight in smaller individuals, snout angle relative to upper jaw between 55° and 69°; interorbital space convex; posterior nostril an oblong longitudinal opening, closer to orbit than anterior nostril; eye situated close to or far removed from dorsal profile, its length 2.7-5.2 times in HL; cheek moderately high, its height 2-3.4 times in HL; lateral teeth in jaws conical; outer surface of maxilla smooth or with a longitudinal ridge; D X,9 with 4th or 5th dorsal-fin spine the longest, its length 2.5-3.5 times in body depth; A III,8 with the 3rd, 4th or 5th soft ray usually the longest, its length much longer than length of base of soft-rayed portion of anal fin and 0.8-1.1 times in length of entire anal-fin base; pectoral-fin rays 13; pelvic-fin membranes between rays closest to body with or without dense melanophores; cheek without scales; 46-48 lateral-line scales; 4 ½ scale rows between lateral line and base of middle dorsal-fin spines; 15-18 scale rows in transverse series between origin of anal fin and lateral line; usually 15 rows in lower series of scales around caudal peduncle; 5-8 scales in supratemporal patch; inner surface of pectoral-fin base densely covered with scales; posterior angle of operculum fully scaly. Colour of body brown to dark grey, with indistinct scattered small dark and light spots, with irregular light stripes sometimes on lower sides; head brown or grey, often with many small orange spots on cheeks; pectoral and pelvic fins white to orangish, dorsal and anal fins mottled orange and bluish; caudal fin often bright orange (Ref. 114226).
Body shape (shape guide): fusiform / normal; Cross section: oval.
Occurs in deep lagoons and channels, outer reef slopes and adjacent soft bottom areas (Ref. 30573). Solitary in or near ledges or caves by day (Ref. 9710). Feeds on echinoderms, crustaceans, mollusks (Ref. 171), echinoids, crinoids and starfish (Ref. 37816). May be ciguatoxic in some areas (Ref. 37816). Caught by handline, vertical longline, traps, and trawls. Marketed mostly fresh (Ref. 171, 68703).
Life cycle and mating behavior
Γεννητική Ωρίμανση | Αναπαραγωγή | Γεννοβολία | Αβγά | Γονιμότητα | Προνύμφες
Carpenter, K.E. and G.R. Allen, 1989. FAO Species Catalogue. Vol. 9. Emperor fishes and large-eye breams of the world (family Lethrinidae). An annotated and illustrated catalogue of lethrinid species known to date. FAO Fish. Synop. 125(9):118 p. Rome: FAO. (Ref. 2295)
IUCN Red List Status (Ref. 130435: Version 2025-1)
Threat to humans
Reports of ciguatera poisoning (Ref. 2295)
Human uses
αλιεία: Εμπορικό(ά)
Εργαλεία
Special reports
Download XML
Διαδικτυακές πηγές
Estimates based on models
Preferred temperature (Αναφ.
123201): 24.2 - 28.6, mean 27.5 °C (based on 748 cells).
Phylogenetic diversity index (Αναφ.
82804): PD
50 = 0.5000 [Uniqueness, from 0.5 = low to 2.0 = high].
Bayesian length-weight: a=0.01445 (0.00930 - 0.02245), b=3.02 (2.90 - 3.14), in cm total length, based on LWR estimates for this species & Genus-body shape (Ref.
93245).
Τροφικό Επίπεδο (Αναφ.
69278): 3.4 ±0.41 se; based on food items.
Generation time: 5.5 ( na - na) years. Estimated as median ln(3)/K based on 1
growth studies.
Ελαστικότητα (Αναφ.
120179): Μεσαίο(α), ελάχιστος χρόνος για διπλασιασμό πληθυσμού 1,4 - 4,4 έτη (K=0.20).
Fishing Vulnerability (Ref.
59153): Moderate to high vulnerability (46 of 100).
🛈
Nutrients (Ref.
124155): Calcium = 33 [24, 44] mg/100g; Iron = 0.756 [0.518, 1.051] mg/100g; Protein = 20 [17, 22] %; Omega3 = 0.124 [0.093, 0.166] g/100g; Selenium = 54.9 [30.5, 81.9] μg/100g; VitaminA = 25.5 [5.7, 130.8] μg/100g; Zinc = 2.03 [1.58, 2.51] mg/100g (wet weight);
