-
- About this page
- Languages
- User feedbacks
- Αναφορά
- Uploads
-
Related species
- Amblyraja radiata
- Species in
Raja - Species in
Rajidae - - Classification -
- Rajidae
- Rajiformes
- Elasmobranchii
- Chordata
- Animalia
-
Add your observation in Fish Watcher
| Native range | All suitable habitat | Point map | Year 2050 |
|
| This map was computer-generated and has not yet been reviewed. |
| Raja clavata AquaMaps Data sources: GBIF OBIS |
Upload your photos and videos
Pictures | Videos | Google image
Raja clavata
Picture by Stergiou, K.I.
Pictures | Videos | Google image
Picture by Stergiou, K.I.
Classification / Names Κοινά ονόματα | Συνώνυμα | Catalog of Fishes(Γένος, Είδη) | ITIS | CoL | WoRMS | Cloffa
Ελασμοβράγχιοι (καρχαρίες και σαλάχια) (sharks and rays) > Rajiformes (Skates and rays) > Rajidae (Skates)
Etymology: Raja: Latin, raja, -ae = a sting ray (Raja sp.) (Ref. 45335).
More on author: Linnaeus.
Etymology: Raja: Latin, raja, -ae = a sting ray (Raja sp.) (Ref. 45335).
More on author: Linnaeus.
Environment: milieu / climate zone / depth range / distribution range Οικολογία
Θαλασσινό(ά) βενθικό(ς); εύρος βάθους 5 - 1020 m (Ref. 114953). Subtropical; 70°N - 38°S, 25°W - 50°E
Κατανομή Χώρες | Περιοχές FAO | Οικοσυστήματα | Παρουσίες | Point map | Εισαγωγές | Faunafri
Eastern Atlantic and Southwest Indian Ocean: Iceland to Madagascar, including the Mediterranean Sea.
Length at first maturity / Μέγεθος / Βάρος / Age
Maturity: Lm 76.6, range 47 - 87.5 cm
Max length : 105 cm TL αρσενικό/απροσδιόριστο; (Ref. 53748); 139.0 cm TL (female); common length : 85.0 cm TL αρσενικό/απροσδιόριστο; (Ref. 9987); μεγ. δημοσιευμένο βάρος: 18.0 kg (Ref. 35388); μεγ. αναφερόμενη ηλικία: 15 έτη (Ref. 41305)
Max length : 105 cm TL αρσενικό/απροσδιόριστο; (Ref. 53748); 139.0 cm TL (female); common length : 85.0 cm TL αρσενικό/απροσδιόριστο; (Ref. 9987); μεγ. δημοσιευμένο βάρος: 18.0 kg (Ref. 35388); μεγ. αναφερόμενη ηλικία: 15 έτη (Ref. 41305)
Short description Κλείδες προσδιορισμού | Μορφολογία | Μορφομετρία
Ραχιαίες άκανθες (συνολικά) : 0; Εδρικές άκανθες: 0. Sub-rhomboid in shape with pointed wing-tips; disc-width 1,25 to 1,36 times in its length, its length 1,70 to 1,83 times in total length. Short rostrum, rounded at his extremity; pectoral fins with clear angles on lateral side; triangular pelvic fins (Ref. 39246). Dorsally prickly; large females also prickly throughout their ventral surface; juveniles and large males prickly along the margins of their discs and the underside of their snout. 30-50 thorns form a median row from the nape to the first dorsal fin; additional large 'buckler' thorns with swollen bases scattered on upper surface of disc in adults (Ref. 3167). Coloration is highly variable, with the dorsal surface having all shades of brown with dark and light spots and blotches; ventral surface white (Ref. 3167, 58137).
Inhabits shelf and upper slope waters. Reported depth ranges varies, from 10-300 m (Ref. 4426, 82319, 88187), and from 300-577 m in the eastern Ionian Sea (Ref. 56504); most common in coastal waters between 10-60 m depth (Ref. 58137). Tolerates low salinities (Ref. 88171). Found on mud, sand and gravel bottoms, rarely on rougher bottoms (Ref. 6808, 58137). Nocturnal species. Feeds on all kinds of bottom animals, preferably crustaceans (Ref. 3167) and fishes (Ref. 114953). Undertakes migrations with mean distances of 54-117 km per month; shows a clear annual migration cycle (Ref. 89017, 89018), moves from deeper offshore waters (10-30 m) in autumn and winter to shallower areas (<10 m) in spring (Ref. 82319). Young are non-migratory, inhabiting inshore nursery grounds (Ref. 89019, 89020, 89022); in the Bay of Douarnenez (France) they are found to remain in shallow waters for at least 2 years (Ref. 89023). Maturity age 7-8 years (Ref. 114953). Oviparous. Young may tend to follow large objects, such as their mother (Ref. 205). Detects weak electric fields generated by other organisms (prey detection and predator avoidance) but may also generate its own weak electric fields (Ref. 10311, 88171). Utilized fresh and frozen (Ref. 9987).
Life cycle and mating behavior Γεννητική Ωρίμανση | Αναπαραγωγή | Γεννοβολία | Αβγά | Γονιμότητα | Προνύμφες
Oviparous. Distinct pairing with embrace. Polyandrous species (Ref. 89024). Paired eggs are laid and deposited on shallow sand, mud, pebble or gravel bottoms (Ref. 205, 89025). Up to 170 egg cases can be laid by a single female in a year (Ref. 3167), but average fecundity is much lower (around 48-74 eggs) (Ref. 3603, 31302). In northwestern Europe, egg cases are laid during spring (Ref. 3167) and in the Mediterranean during winter and spring (Ref. 3167). Egg cases are oblong capsules with stiff pointed horns at the corners, each containing one embryo (Ref. 205). Capsules are 5.0-9.0 cm long without the horns (Ref. 41250, 88187) and 3.4-6.8 cm wide (Ref. 41250). Egg cases are anchored with an adhesive film (Ref. 82399). Embryos feed solely on yolk (Ref. 50449). Egg cases hatch after about 4-5 months and pups are about 11-13 cm TL (Ref. 88864). Mating season from February to September, peaking in June (Ref. 74501). Adults observed to form same-sex aggregations during the mating season with females moving to shallower inshore waters approximately a month before the males (Ref 3603, 58137, 74501). Mating does not occur in the Baltic Sea (Ref. 82311).
Main reference
Upload your references | Αναφορές | Συντονιστής : McEachran, John | Συνεργάτες
McEachran, J.D. and K.A. Dunn, 1998. Phylogenetic analysis of skates, a morphologically conservative clade of elasmobranchs (Chondrichthyes: Rajidae). Copeia 1998(2):271-290. (Ref. 27314)
IUCN Red List Status (Ref. 130435: Version 2024-2)
Near Threatened (NT) (A2bd); Date assessed: 15 April 2023
CITES
Not Evaluated
Threat to humans
Harmless
Human uses
αλιεία: Εμπορικό(ά); αλιεία αναψυχής: ναί
FAO - αλιεία: landings; Publication: search | FishSource | Η θάλασσα γύρω μας
Περισσότερες πληροφορίες
Population dynamics
Παράμετροι Αύξησης
Max. ages / sizes
Length-weight rel.
Length-length rel.
Length-frequencies
Mass conversion
Στρατολόγηση
Αφθονία
Παράμετροι Αύξησης
Max. ages / sizes
Length-weight rel.
Length-length rel.
Length-frequencies
Mass conversion
Στρατολόγηση
Αφθονία
Life cycle
Αναπαραγωγή
Γεννητική Ωρίμανση
Maturity/Gills rel.
Γονιμότητα
Γεννοβολία
Spawning aggregations
Αβγά
Egg development
Προνύμφες
Δυναμική προνυμφών
Αναπαραγωγή
Γεννητική Ωρίμανση
Maturity/Gills rel.
Γονιμότητα
Γεννοβολία
Spawning aggregations
Αβγά
Egg development
Προνύμφες
Δυναμική προνυμφών
Physiology
Body composition
Nutrients
Κατανάλωση οξυγόνου
Κολυμβητικός τύπος
Ταχύτητα κολύμβησης
Visual pigments
Fish sound
Diseases & Parasites
Toxicity (LC50s)
Body composition
Nutrients
Κατανάλωση οξυγόνου
Κολυμβητικός τύπος
Ταχύτητα κολύμβησης
Visual pigments
Fish sound
Diseases & Parasites
Toxicity (LC50s)
Human related
Aquaculture systems
Προφίλ υδατοκαλλιεργειών
Στελέχοι
Ciguatera cases
Stamps, coins, misc.
Aquaculture systems
Προφίλ υδατοκαλλιεργειών
Στελέχοι
Ciguatera cases
Stamps, coins, misc.
Εργαλεία
Bio-Quiz | E-book | Οδηγός πεδίου | Κλείδες προσδιορισμού | Ανάλυση κατά μήκος συνθέσεων | Εργαλείο ιστορίας ζωής | Σημειακός χάρτης | Classification Tree
| Catch-MSY |
Special reports
Download XML
Διαδικτυακές πηγές
AFORO (otoliths) | Aquatic Commons | BHL | Cloffa | BOLDSystems | Websites from users | Check FishWatcher | CISTI | Catalog of Fishes: Γένος, Είδη | DiscoverLife | DORIS | ECOTOX | FAO - αλιεία: landings; Publication: search | Faunafri | Fishipedia | Fishtrace | GenBank: genome, nucleotide | GloBI | Google Books | Google Scholar | Google | IGFA World Record | MitoFish | Εθνικές βάσεις δεδομένων | Otolith Atlas of Taiwan Fishes | Δημόσια ενυδρεία | PubMed | Reef Life Survey | Socotra Atlas | Δέντρο Ζωής | Wikipedia: Go, αναζήτηση | World Records Freshwater Fishing | Zoobank | Zoological Record
Estimates based on models
Preferred temperature (Ref. 123201): 7.1 - 15.8, mean 10.7 °C (based on 474 cells).
Phylogenetic diversity index (Ref. 82804): PD50 = 0.5000 [Uniqueness, from 0.5 = low to 2.0 = high].
Bayesian length-weight: a=0.00200 (0.00175 - 0.00227), b=3.26 (3.23 - 3.29), in cm total length, based on LWR estimates for this species (Ref. 93245).
Τροφικό Επίπεδο (Ref. 69278): 3.8 ±0.2 se; based on diet studies.
Generation time: 7.8 (5.4 - 10.4) years. Estimated as median ln(3)/K based on 16 growth studies.
Ελαστικότητα (Ref. 120179): Χαμηλό, ελάχιστος χρόνος για διπλασιασμό πληθυσμού 4,5 - 14 έτη (K=0.09-0.14; tm=10; tmax=23; Fec=150).
Prior r = 0.18, 95% CL = 0.12 - 0.26, Based on 4 full stock assessments.
Fishing Vulnerability (Ref. 59153): High vulnerability (60 of 100).
Climate Vulnerability (Ref. 125649): High vulnerability (60 of 100).
Nutrients (Ref. 124155): Calcium = 9.22 [1.18, 176.74] mg/100g; Iron = 0.628 [0.060, 7.651] mg/100g; Protein = 17.2 [14.4, 19.5] %; Omega3 = 0.571 [0.265, 1.295] g/100g; Selenium = 39.7 [7.5, 183.1] μg/100g; VitaminA = 5.22 [0.40, 59.91] μg/100g; Zinc = 0.47 [0.03, 5.30] mg/100g (wet weight); based on nutrient studies.