分类 / Names
俗名 | 同种异名 | Catalog of Fishes(属, 种) | ITIS | CoL | WoRMS | Cloffa
Elasmobranchii
板鳃亚纲 (鲨鱼与 鱼) (sharks and rays) >
Rajiformes (Skates and rays) >
Rajidae (Skates)
Etymology: Leucoraja: Greek, leykos = white + Latin, raja = a fish, Raja sp. (Ref. 45335).
More on author: Mitchill.
Environment: milieu / climate zone / depth range / distribution range
生态学
海洋 居于水底的; 海洋洄游的 (Ref. 51243); 深度上下限 4 - 723 m (Ref. 106604). 溫帶; 51°N - 34°N, 79°W - 55°W (Ref. 55278)
Western Atlantic: Newfoundland Banks and southern Gulf of St. Lawrence in Canada to North Carolina, USA.
西大西洋: 在加拿大到美國北卡羅萊那州的紐芬蘭淺堆與聖勞倫斯灣南部。
Length at first maturity / 大小 / 重量 / 年龄
Maturity: Lm 74.5, range 73 - 76 cm
Max length : 113 cm TL 雄鱼/尚未辨别雌雄; (Ref. 106604); 最大年龄: 21 年 (Ref. 52109)
简单描述
检索表 | 型态特徵 | 形态测量图
Disk rounded, with many small dark spots on upper surface. Usually 1-4 ocelli on upper surface on each side of disk, each with a dark brownish center and pale edge. Young have long middorsal row of large spines on disk and tail. Upper jaw has 72 rows of teeth (Ref. 7251). Lower surface usually white but marked with irregular pale brownish blotches (Ref. 6902).
圆盘圆形的, 在上表皮上有许多小的深色斑点。 通常在圆盘的两边上的在上表皮上的 1 - 4 假眼斑, 每个具有深褐色的中心与灰白的边缘。 幼鱼在圆盘与尾部上有大棘的长背面中央列。 上颌有 72个列的齿。 (参考文献 7251) 下表面通常白色的但是有显着的不规则的淡褐色的斑块.(参考文献 6902)
Prefer sandy and gravelly bottoms in shoal water in the north range; to at least 90 m in south (Ref. 7251). Benthic (Ref. 5951). Those caught at Cans, Nova Scotia in Canada were found to have eaten dollarfish, cunner, and squid. Mostly inactive during daylight hours, but active under dark conditions (Ref. 10807). Oviparous. Distinct pairing with embrace. Young may tend to follow large objects, such as their mother (Ref. 205). Eggs are oblong capsules with stiff pointed horns at the corners deposited in sandy or muddy flats (Ref. 205). Egg capsules are 5.5-9.9 cm long and 3.5-5.3 cm wide (Ref. 41249, 7135, 71301).
Electric organ discharge (EOD) activity seemed more frequent during dark periods (Ref. 10808). The individual EOD of this species is monophasic, head-negative, and lasts 217 ms (Ref. 10011). This species is used only for the manufacture of fish meal.
在北方范围中的浅水偏爱碎石与沙质底部; 在南方中的到至少 90 公尺.(参考文献 7251) 那些捕获于能, 加拿大的新斯科舍省被发现已经吃银白色圆形的小鱼，青鲈与乌贼。 大部份不活跃在白天的时候, 但是活跃的在深色的情况.(参考文献 10807) 卵生的。 明显的成对出现。 幼鱼可能倾向跟随大的个体, 例如他们的母亲.(参考文献 205) 卵为长方形鞘囊具有僵硬的触角沈积在沙滩或泥滩的角落.(参考文献 205) 卵鞘是 5.5-9.9 公分长与 3.5-5.3 公分宽的.(参考文献 41249,7135,71301)
發電器放電 (EOD) 活動在黑暗的時候似乎更頻繁.(參考文獻 10808) 這種的個別 EOD 是單相的﹐帶負電的, 而且持續 217 ms 。 (參考文獻 10011) 這種只作為魚粉的產品。
Life cycle and mating behavior
Maturities | 繁殖 | Spawnings | Egg(s) | Fecundities | 仔鱼
Oviparous, paired eggs are laid. Embryos feed solely on yolk (Ref. 50449). Distinct pairing with embrace. Young may tend to follow large objects, such as their mother (Ref. 205).西大西洋: 在加拿大到美國北卡羅萊那州的紐芬蘭淺堆與聖勞倫斯灣南部。
McEachran, J.D. and K.A. Dunn, 1998. Phylogenetic analysis of skates, a morphologically conservative clade of elasmobranchs (Chondrichthyes: Rajidae). Copeia 1998(2):271-290. (Ref. 27314)
世界自然保护联盟红皮书 (Ref. 130435)
濒危 (EN) (A2bd); Date assessed: 19 June 2019
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Estimates based on models
Preferred temperature (Ref.
123201): 1.5 - 14.4, mean 7.9 °C (based on 130 cells).
Phylogenetic diversity index (Ref.
82804): PD
50 = 0.5000 [Uniqueness, from 0.5 = low to 2.0 = high].
Bayesian length-weight: a=0.00263 (0.00232 - 0.00298), b=3.23 (3.20 - 3.26), in cm total length, based on LWR estimates for this species (Ref.
93245).
营养阶层 (Ref.
69278): 4.4 ±0.5 se; based on diet studies.
回复力 (Ref.
120179): 非常低的, 最小族群倍增时间超过14 年 (tmax=20.8; tm=11-12; Fec assumed to be <100).
Prior r = 0.04, 95% CL = 0.02 - 0.05, Based on 1 full stock assessment.
Fishing Vulnerability (Ref.
59153): High vulnerability (59 of 100).
Nutrients (Ref.
124155): Calcium = 10.8 [2.1, 52.6] mg/100g; Iron = 0.305 [0.081, 0.865] mg/100g; Protein = 17.6 [14.8, 20.3] %; Omega3 = 0.877 [0.282, 3.251] g/100g; Selenium = 10.7 [2.7, 33.9] μg/100g; VitaminA = 13.1 [4.1, 41.9] μg/100g; Zinc = 0.315 [0.151, 0.571] mg/100g (wet weight);
