分类 / Names
俗名 | 同种异名 | Catalog of Fishes(属, 种) | ITIS | CoL | WoRMS | Cloffa
Environment: milieu / climate zone / depth range / distribution range
生态学
海洋 居于水底的; 海洋洄游的 (Ref. 51243); 深度上下限 0 - 1171 m (Ref. 56504). 溫帶; 68°N - 12°N, 32°W - 42°E
Eastern Atlantic: Norway and Iceland to Senegal. Also in the Mediterranean and Black Sea.
東大西洋: 挪威與冰島到塞內加爾。 也在地中海與黑海。
Length at first maturity / 大小 / 重量 / 年龄
Maturity: Lm 200.0 range ? - ? cm
Max length : 300 cm TL 雄鱼/尚未辨别雌雄; (Ref. 4453); common length : 100.0 cm TL 雄鱼/尚未辨别雌雄; (Ref. 4645); common length :150 cm TL (female); 最大体重: 110.0 kg (Ref. 35388)
Found on rocky and sandy bottoms (Ref. 12382). Depth range from 0-500 m (Ref. 4453) and from 305-1171 m in the eastern Ionian Sea (Ref. 56504). It stays near the coast when young and moves toward deeper waters upon reaching adulthood (Ref. 5377). A nocturnal (Ref. 12382) predator of fish, crustaceans, and cephalopods (Ref. 6521). Like other species of the group, it reproduces only once in its life (Ref. 5377). Sexually mature at an age of 5-15 years. Spawn in summer in the Atlantic off Portugal and in the Mediterranean. Produces 3-8 million of eggs (Ref. 35388). Marketed fresh and frozen. Eaten fried and baked (Ref. 9988).
栖息于岩质与砂质底部了。 (参考文献 12382) 在爱奥尼亚的海洋东部中的来自 0-500 公尺 (参考文献 4453) 与 305-1171 公尺的深度范围.(参考文献 56504) 它停留在海岸的附近幼年时而且移动到较深的水域到达成年期时。 (参考文献 5377) 一个鱼，甲壳动物与头足类动物的夜行 (参考文献 12382) 掠食者.(参考文献 6521) 在市场上销售生鲜和冷冻。 油炸后食用与烧烤.(参考文献 9988) 相似的其他种的群, 它只繁殖一次一生中.(参考文献 5377) 在一個 5-15 年的年齡時性成熟。 在大西洋的葡萄牙外海與地中海中產卵於夏天中。 產生 3-8百萬個卵。 (參考文獻 35388)
Eggs are deposited in the open sea, at depths between 2,000 and 3,000 m (Ref. 12382).東大西洋: 挪威與冰島到塞內加爾。 也在地中海與黑海。
Smith, D.G., 1990. Congridae. p. 156-167. In J.C. Quero, J.C. Hureau, C. Karrer, A. Post and L. Saldanha (eds.) Check-list of the fishes of the eastern tropical Atlantic (CLOFETA). JNICT, Lisbon; SEI, Paris; and UNESCO, Paris. Vol. 1. (Ref. 4453)
人类利用
渔业: 商业性; 游钓鱼种: 是的; 水族馆: 公众的水族馆
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Estimates based on models
Preferred temperature (Ref.
123201): 4.4 - 14.4, mean 8.7 °C (based on 480 cells).
Phylogenetic diversity index (Ref.
82804): PD
50 = 0.5000 [Uniqueness, from 0.5 = low to 2.0 = high].
Bayesian length-weight: a=0.00044 (0.00033 - 0.00057), b=3.27 (3.21 - 3.33), in cm total length, based on LWR estimates for this species (Ref.
93245).
营养阶层 (Ref.
69278): 4.3 ±0.4 se; based on diet studies.
Generation time: 17.4 ( na - na) years. Estimated as median ln(3)/K based on 1
growth studies.
回复力 (Ref.
120179): 低的, 最小族群倍增时间4.5 - 14 年 (K=0.06; tm=5-15 (female tm>10); Fec=3,000,000).
Prior r = 0.35, 95% CL = 0.23 - 0.53, Based on 7 data-limited stock assessments.
Fishing Vulnerability (Ref.
59153): Very high vulnerability (86 of 100).
Climate Vulnerability (Ref.
125649): Moderate vulnerability (38 of 100).
Nutrients (Ref.
124155): Calcium = 10.9 [6.6, 19.9] mg/100g; Iron = 0.259 [0.148, 0.441] mg/100g; Protein = 18.2 [15.3, 21.1] %; Omega3 = 0.482 [0.219, 1.328] g/100g; Selenium = 39.3 [20.9, 74.7] μg/100g; VitaminA = 8.33 [2.17, 33.01] μg/100g; Zinc = 0.278 [0.200, 0.398] mg/100g (wet weight); based on
nutrient studies.
