分類 / Names
俗名 | 同種異名 | Catalog of Fishes(屬, 種) | ITIS | CoL | WoRMS | Cloffa
Teleostei >
Carangaria/misc (Various families in series Carangaria)
鱸形目 (Various families in series Carangaria) >
Polynemidae (Threadfins)
馬鮁科 (Threadfins)
Etymology: Eleutheronema: Greek, eleutheros = free + Greek, nema = filament (Ref. 45335).
More on author: Shaw.
Environment: milieu / climate zone / 深度上下限 / distribution range
生態學
海洋; 淡水; 半鹹淡水 pelagic-neritic; 非產卵性溯降河的 (Ref. 51243); 深度上下限 0 - 23 m (Ref. 6390). 熱帶; 32°N - 26°S, 47°E - 154°E (Ref. 57343)
Indo-Pacific: Persian/Arabian Gulf, Pakistan, India and Sri Lanka (except the Red Sea and East Africa) to northern Australia and New Guinea. Replaced by Eleutheronema rhadinum (Jordan & Evermann, 1902), in East Asia (Japan, China, Viet Nam) (Ref. 41639).
印度-西太平洋: 波斯灣到巴布亞新幾內亞與澳洲北部。
Length at first maturity / 大小 / 重量 / 年齡
成熟度: Lm ?, range 29 - ? cm
Max length : 200 cm TL 雄魚/尚未辨別雌雄; (Ref. 3479); common length : 50.0 cm TL 雄魚/尚未辨別雌雄; (Ref. 3479); 最大體重: 145.0 kg (Ref. 4965)
背棘 (總數) : 9; 背的軟條 (總數) : 13 - 15; 臀棘: 3; 臀鰭軟條: 14 - 16; 脊椎骨: 25. This species is distinguished with the following characters: second dorsal fin soft rays 14 (rarely 13 or 15) pectoral fin rays 16-18 (mode 17, rarely 15 or 19), pectoral filaments 4; pored
lateral line scales 71-80 (mode 73); scale rows above lateral line 9-12, below 13-15 (14); vomer with deciduous tooth plates on both sides, except in juveniles (< ca. 7.0 cm SL); posterior part of maxilla deep, 3-4% of SL; short tooth plate extension onto lateral surface of lower jaw, 7-9% SL. Colour of upper sides of head and trunk with slight darkish silver tinge, becoming lighter in lower sides; anterior margins of first and second dorsal fins blackish, remaining parts translucent and slightly blackish, respectively; pectoral fin membranes vivid yellow in life, except in large specimens > ca 35 cm SL which is dusky yellow; pectoral filaments white; anterior margin of pelvic fin yellow and other parts white; base of caudal fin yellowish, other parts blackish (Ref. 41639, 57343).
Body shape (shape guide): elongated; Cross section: compressed.
胸的絲狀突起 4; 鰭薄膜生動的黃色活著時, 在大的個體中除,> ca 35 公分 SL。 在兩邊上犛骨有易脫落的齒板, 除了稚魚。 顎骨的較後面的部分深的,3-4% 的 SL。 短齒碟延伸到下頜側面。 7-9% SL.(參考文獻 41639)
Adults occur mainly over shallow muddy bottoms in coastal waters. Also enter rivers (Ref. 3479, 6390, 11230). Juveniles found in estuaries. During winter, adults ascend the rivers. They usually form loose schools, although larger fish are more often observed in pairs or singly (Ref. 6390). Feed on prawns and fish (largely members of Mugilidae, Engraulidae, and Sciaenidae) with occasional polychaetes. Frequency of crustaceans to fish in the diet varies seasonally. Larvae (7-30 mm TL) feed mainly on copepods and mysids but also take shrimps and prawn larvae (Ref. 57343). Juveniles (31-60 TL) feed on prawns shrimps and mysids (Ref. 57343). Protandrous hermaphrodites. Marketed fresh, frozen, and dried or salted.
在沿岸水域中主要地遍及泥濘的淺水底部出現。 也進入河。 (參考文獻 3479,11230) 稚魚發現於河口了。 在冬天期間，成魚上溯到河。 他們通常形成鬆散的魚群, 雖然較大的魚更時常被成對或各別地觀察。 (參考文獻 6390) 捕食蝦，而且魚 (主要地鯔科魚類，鯷科與石首魚科的成員) 偶而有多毛類動物。 對在食性中的魚甲殼動物的頻率季節性地改變。 雄性先熟的雌雄同體是。 在市場上銷售生鮮地了, 冷凍, 與乾燥或鹽醃。
Life cycle and mating behavior
成熟度 | 繁殖 | 產卵場 | 卵 | 孕卵數 | 仔魚
In Australia, fish are males at 24-47 cm FL, hermaphrodites at 25-46 cm FL and females at 28-72 cm FL. On the northeast Queensland coast, most blue threadfin are females by 45-50 cm FL. Hermaphroditic blue threadfin develop fom 1-2-year-old fish, and females first appear as 2-3-year-old individuals (Ref. 28736). Male fish probably commence sex reversal immediately after spawning (ie about April-May) and this condition may persist until after the next spawning period (Ref. 28736). The progression from hermaphrodites to females is complete by the following season.
There is little information on the larvae, although nursery areas are known to be lower estuaries, tidal swamps and lagoons, and shallows along the foreshores (Williams 1997).印度-西太平洋: 波斯灣到巴布亞新幾內亞與澳洲北部。
Motomura, H., Y. Iwatsuki, S. Kimura and T. Yoshino, 2002. Revision of the Indo-West Pacific polynemid fish genus Eleutheronema (Teleostei: Perciformes). Ichthyol. Res. 49(1):47-61. (Ref. 41639)
IUCN 瀕危狀態 (Ref. 130435: Version 2025-1)
人類使用
漁業: 高經濟性; 養殖: 商業性
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Estimates based on models
Preferred temperature (參考文獻
123201): 25.2 - 29.3, mean 28.6 °C (based on 2815 cells).
Phylogenetic diversity index (參考文獻
82804): PD
50 = 0.6250 [Uniqueness, from 0.5 = low to 2.0 = high].
Bayesian length-weight: a=0.00617 (0.00399 - 0.00953), b=3.06 (2.93 - 3.19), in cm total length, based on LWR estimates for this species & (Sub)family-body (Ref.
93245).
營養階層 (參考文獻
69278): 4.1 ±0.5 se; based on diet studies.
回復力 (參考文獻
120179): 中等的, 族群倍增時間最少 1.4 - 4.4年 (Fec=680,000; assuming tm>=2).
Prior r = 0.56, 95% CL = 0.37 - 0.84, Based on 2 data-limited stock assessments.
Fishing Vulnerability (Ref.
59153): Very high vulnerability (90 of 100).
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Climate Vulnerability (Ref.
125649): Very high vulnerability (91 of 100).
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Nutrients (Ref.
124155): Calcium = 38.1 [12.5, 117.4] mg/100g; Iron = 0.744 [0.292, 1.866] mg/100g; Protein = 20 [18, 22] %; Omega3 = 0.122 [0.065, 0.224] g/100g; Selenium = 52.9 [18.1, 162.0] μg/100g; VitaminA = 15.1 [5.7, 40.9] μg/100g; Zinc = 0.92 [0.46, 1.74] mg/100g (wet weight); based on
nutrient studies.
