分类 / Names
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Teleostei >
Gymnotiformes (Knifefishes) >
Gymnotidae (Naked-back knifefishes) > Electrophorinae
Etymology: Electrophorus: Greek, elektron = amber + Greek,pherein = to carry (Ref. 45335).
More on author: Linnaeus.
Issue
If confirmed as having been actually made available before Gymnotus electricus Linnaeus (1766), Gymnotus tremulus Houttuyn (1764) should be regarded as the senior synonym. However, following Articles 23.9.1 and 23.9.2 of the Code (ICZN, 1999), Gymnotus electricus must be regarded as the valid name, and qualified as a nomen protectum, and Gymnotus tremulus as a nomen oblitum. It seems that both Houttuyn’s (1764) and Linnaeus’ (1766) descriptions were based on previous descriptions by other authors (i.e., primarily, Gronovius and Seba), and that no specimens were actually examined by these authors regarding their proposals of new species. Gronovius’ specimen (or specimens) is currently probably lost, but Seba’s specimen (which apparently have come from the Essequibo river; Seba, 1758, III, p.108, pl. 34, fig. 6) is probably housed in the Rijksmuseum van Natuurlijke Historie, Leiden (Netherlands). That should, then, be considered the remaining name-bearing type for both species above (ICZN, 1999, Article 72.5.6).
Environment: milieu / climate zone / depth range / distribution range
生态学
; 淡水 底中水层性. 熱帶; 23°C - 28°C (Ref. 1672)
South America: restricted to the Guiana Shield.
南美洲: 亞馬遜河流域。 奧里諾科河, 而且相關了在南美洲北部的區域。
大小 / 重量 / 年龄
Maturity: Lm ? range ? - ? cm
Max length : 250 cm SL 雄鱼/尚未辨别雌雄; (Ref. 27188); 最大体重: 20.0 kg (Ref. 27188)
简单描述
检索表 | 型态特徵 | 形态测量图
背棘 (总数) : 0; 背的软条 (总数) : 0. This species is distinguished by the following characters: ventral outline of head U-shaped, widest at terminus of branchial opening and lateral-line pores 88-101 (vs. ovoid, widest anterior to branchial opening, 112-146 in E. voltai); differs from E. varii with skull depressed, cleithrum lies between vertebrae 5 and 6 (vs. (vs. skull deep with cleithrum lying between vertebrae 1 and 2), pectoral-fin rays 32-38 (vs. 20-28) and lateral-line pores 88-101 (vs. 124-186). Low-voltage (Sachs’ organ) electric organ discharges or EODs and high-voltage (main/Hunter’s organ) with head-positive monophasic waveform. Low voltage EOD 2.03-2.19 ms duration; high-voltage EOD 480 V at 760mm TL (Ref. 120918).
延长的身体与圆筒形的, 几乎没有鳞片; 头部平的; 嘴巴大的，有一列锥形牙齿在每个颌; 有三个腹部的对发电器; 身体颜色深色且有前面的腹面部份淡黄色.(参考文献 12225)
Prefer muddy bottoms and calm waters; frequently found in coastal plains, swamps and creeks but is also found inland where a favorable biotope exist. Juveniles feed on invertebrates, adults feed on fish and small mammals (Ref. 12225), first-born larvae prey on other eggs and embryos coming from late spawning batches (Ref. 40645). The electric organ of this species consists of flattened electrocytes, numbering to about hundreds of thousands, connected in series (Ref. 10840; 10011). Generates two type of electric organ discharges (EODs) from different electric organs which are of myogenic derivation: 1) low-voltage EODs (about 10 V) emitted by the Sach's organ at rates of up to 25 Hz, and 2) high-voltage EODs (about 50-fold) emitted by the main and Hunter's organs at peak rates of up to several hundred Hz. Low-voltage EOD has been associated with electro location whereas high-voltage EOD has been noted during predatory attacks (Ref. 10011). An EOD of 500 V was recorded from a 1 m specimen (Ref. 10530), making it a potentially dangerous species. Incorporation of this species in fish-based house security systems has been suggested (see Ref. 9506). Also possesses high-frequency sensitive tuberous receptors patchily distributed over the body that seems useful for hunting other gymnotiforms (Ref. 10583). A nocturnal species; captive specimens showed higher low-voltage EOD activity during the night compared to daytime (Ref. 10011). This cycle seems to be free-running (internally controlled) (Ref. 10829). Probably a fractional spawner; fecundity count was17,000 eggs (Ref. 10630). An obligatory air breather (Ref. 10011) and can withstand poorly oxygenated water (Ref. 26457). Used in experimental studies.
偏爱泥底部与平静水域; 时常发现于海岸的平原，沼泽与小溪了但是也在内陆被发现一个有利的生存环境存在的地方。 稚鱼吃无脊椎动物, 成鱼吃鱼与小的哺乳动物 (参考文献 12225), 初生的仔鱼捕食属于较晚的产卵批次的其他的卵与胚胎。 (参考文献 40645) 这种的发电器由平的发电细胞组成, 数到大约在系列被连接的数以百计数千 (参考文献 10840; 10011)。 产生来自不同的发电器的发电器放电 (EODs) 的二个类型肌性引出那是: 1) 低电压 EODs(大约 10 V) 以向上到的比率发出藉由石赫氏器官 25个赫兹了, 与 2) 高-电压 EODs(大约 50-摺层) 发出藉由主要的与以向上到几百个赫兹的高峰率的猎人的器官。 然而高-电压 EOD 已经在掠食性的攻击的时候被注意，低电压 EOD 已经被伴随着发电的地点。 (参考文献 10011) 500 的 EOD V 从一件 1 公尺标本 (参考文献 10530) 被记录,使它成为一个可能危险的种。 以鱼为基础的房子安全制度的这种的结合已经被建议。 (见参考文献 9506) 也持有布满零碎的对猎食似乎有用其他的电鳗目的身体的高周波的敏感感觉结节。 (参考文献 10583) 一个夜行的种; 捕获的标本显示较高的低电压 EOD 活动夜晚时相较于白天。 (参考文献 10011) 这一个周期似乎是自由运作的 (在内部受约束的) 。 (参考文献 10829) 可能一个少产的鱼种; 孕卵数是 17,000个卵。 (参考文献 10630) 一个必须的呼吸空气的鱼类 (参考文献 10011) 而且能抵抗含氧量很少的水域.(参考文献 26457) 被用于实验的研究了。
Life cycle and mating behavior
成熟度 | 繁殖 | 产卵场 | 卵 | 孕卵数 | 仔鱼
Males construct foam nests and guard the growing larvae until mid-January when the first seasonal rains flood the breeding area, causing the about 10 cm long young eels to disperse (Ref. 40645).
Males outnumber females (3:1) and are considerably larger than females (Ref. 40645).
There are three successive batches of eggs deposited in a spawning period. Not all eels with fully developed gonads (in Goiapi drainnage) participated in the annual spawning activity suggesting that mating success depends in part on finding suitable breeding sites (Ref. 40645).南美洲: 亞馬遜河流域。 奧里諾科河, 而且相關了在南美洲北部的區域。
de Santana, C.D., W.G.R. Crampton, C.B. Dillman, R.G. Frederico, M.H. Sabaj, R. Covain, J. Ready, J. Zuanon, R.R. de Oliveira, R.N. Mendes-Júnior, D.A. Bastos, T.F. Teixeira, J. Mol, W. Ohara, N.C. de Castro, L.A. Peixoto et al., 2019. Unexpected species diversity in electric eels with a description of the strongest living bioelectricity generator. Nature Communications (2019)10:4000. [+authors; Nagamachi, C.; Sousa, L.; Montag, L.F.A.; Ribeiro, F.; Waddell, J.C.; Piorsky, N.M.; Vari, R.P.; Wosiacki, W.B.] (Ref. 120918)
世界自然保护联盟红皮书 (Ref. 130435: Version 2024-2)
人类利用
渔业: 商业性; 游钓鱼种: 是的; 水族馆: 公众的水族馆
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Estimates based on models
Phylogenetic diversity index (Ref.
82804): PD
50 = 1.0000 [Uniqueness, from 0.5 = low to 2.0 = high].
Bayesian length-weight: a=0.00389 (0.00180 - 0.00842), b=3.12 (2.94 - 3.30), in cm total length, based on all LWR estimates for this body shape (Ref.
93245).
营养阶层 (Ref.
69278): 3.9 ±0.52 se; based on food items.
回复力 (Ref.
120179): 中等的, 族群倍增时间最少 1.4 - 4.4年 (tm=3; tmax=6 (captive); Fec=17,000).
Fishing Vulnerability (Ref.
59153): Very high vulnerability (90 of 100).
