Élasmobranches (requins et raies) (sharks and rays) >
Rajiformes (Skates and rays) >
Rajidae (Skates)
Etymology: Raja: Latin, raja, -ae = a sting ray (Raja sp.) (Ref. 45335).
Environment: milieu / climate zone / depth range / distribution range
Écologie
marin démersal; profondeur 10 - 380 m (Ref. 6808). Temperate; 60°N - 22°N, 18°W - 24°E
Eastern Atlantic: Shetland Islands to Morocco, Rio de Oro (Western Sahara), and Madeira.
Length at first maturity / Taille / Poids / Âge
Maturity: Lm 90.2, range 60 - ? cm
Max length : 120 cm TL mâle / non sexé; (Ref. 41333); 125.0 cm TL (female); poids max. publié: 14.3 kg (Ref. 40637)
Épines dorsales (Total) : 0; Épines anales: 0. Upper surface wholly prickly, except in juveniles; underside only prickly along front margins of disc; orbital thorns separate; a regular median row of 40-45 thorns in juveniles and adult females, interrupted on back in males; 60-90 tooth rows; upper surface ochre, with numerous small dark spots to margins of disc, underside white (Ref. 3167).
Found on sand and sand-rock bottoms (Ref. 6808). Feed on all kinds of benthic animals (Ref. 3167). Oviparous. Distinct pairing with embrace. Young may tend to follow large objects, such as their mother (Ref. 205). Eggs are oblong capsules with stiff pointed horns at the corners deposited in sandy or muddy flats (Ref. 205). Egg capsules are 10.0-14.3 cm long and 5.8-9.0 cm wide (Ref. 41250). About 40-90 eggs are laid per individual every year (Ref. 41250).
Oviparous, paired eggs are laid. Embryos feed solely on yolk (Ref. 50449). Spawning mainly from February to August with at least 30 egg-cases laid (Ref. 3167). Distinct pairing with embrace. Young may tend to follow large objects, such as their mother (Ref. 205).
McEachran, J.D. and K.A. Dunn, 1998. Phylogenetic analysis of skates, a morphologically conservative clade of elasmobranchs (Chondrichthyes: Rajidae). Copeia 1998(2):271-290. (Ref. 27314)
Statut dans la liste rouge de l'IUCN (Ref. 130435)
Menace pour l'homme
Harmless
Utilisations par l'homme
Pêcheries: intérêt commercial mineur; pêche sportive: oui
Outils
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Sources Internet
Estimates based on models
Preferred temperature (Ref.
123201): 7.1 - 16.2, mean 10.3 °C (based on 462 cells).
Phylogenetic diversity index (Ref.
82804): PD
50 = 0.5000 [Uniqueness, from 0.5 = low to 2.0 = high].
Bayesian length-weight: a=0.00224 (0.00144 - 0.00349), b=3.27 (3.15 - 3.39), in cm total length, based on LWR estimates for this species & Genus-body shape (Ref.
93245).
Niveau trophique (Ref.
69278): 3.8 ±0.61 se; based on food items.
Résilience (Ref.
120179): Faible, temps minimum de doublement de population : 4,5 à 14 années (K=0.12-0.19; tmax=15; Fec=40).
Prior r = 0.20, 95% CL = 0.13 - 0.30, Based on 1 full stock assessment.
Fishing Vulnerability (Ref.
59153): High to very high vulnerability (65 of 100).
Climate Vulnerability (Ref.
125649): High vulnerability (61 of 100).
Nutrients (Ref.
124155): Calcium = 4.69 [0.73, 84.95] mg/100g; Iron = 0.26 [0.02, 2.99] mg/100g; Protein = 16.7 [13.9, 19.0] %; Omega3 = 0.869 [0.349, 2.113] g/100g; Selenium = 14.8 [3.0, 71.4] μg/100g; VitaminA = 7.7 [0.6, 90.3] μg/100g; Zinc = 0.31 [0.02, 3.43] mg/100g (wet weight);
