分類 / Names
俗名 | 同種異名 | Catalog of Fishes(屬, 種) | ITIS | CoL | WoRMS | Cloffa
Environment: milieu / climate zone / depth range / distribution range
生態學
; 淡水 底中水層性; 河川洄游 (Ref. 59043). 溫帶; 6°C - 18°C (Ref. 2059); 50°N - 44°N, 8°E - 21°E
Europe: Danube drainage. Introduced into other European river basins when their numbers declined due to ecological changes in the Danube.
歐洲: 多瑙河流域的河。 當消退的他們的數字在多瑙河中由於生態學的改變時候，引入其他的歐洲河流域中了。 伯恩公約的附錄 3(受保育的動物群).
Length at first maturity / 大小 / 重量 / 年齡
Maturity: Lm ? range ? - ? cm
Max length : 150 cm TL 雄魚/尚未辨別雌雄; (Ref. 11243); common length : 70.0 cm TL 雄魚/尚未辨別雌雄; (Ref. 682); 最大體重: 52.0 kg (Ref. 719); 最大年齡: 20 年 (Ref. 59043)
簡短描述
檢索表 | 型態特徵 | 形態測量圖
背棘 (總數) : 3 - 5; 背的軟條 (總數) : 8 - 14; 臀棘: 3 - 5; 臀鰭軟條: 7 - 14; 脊椎骨: 66 - 72. Distinguished from other species of Salmonidae in central and eastern Europe by the following combination of characters: lateral line with 180-200 scales; no red spots and white fin margins; head dorsally flattened and long ( 22-24% SL); body roundish; caudal fin deeply emarginate; large size (in undisturbed areas); usually 13-19 gill rakers (Ref. 59043).
也參考文獻 2196.
Usually solitary, inhabits deeper regions of swift flowing streams with oxygen rich waters. Adults are territorial but not solitary (Ref. 26170). Carnivore. Juveniles feed mainly on invertebrates and adults mostly on fishes, but also prey on amphibians, reptiles, small mammals and waterfowl (Ref. 26170). Important sport fish with minimum size of catch from 50-55 cm. Transplantations of young artificially incubated and reared fish have not been successful. Depletion of stocks due to overexploitation, industrial pollution, waterway redirection and badly designed or non-existent fish ladders in dams and reservoirs. Territorial, but migrates short distances upstream for spawning (Ref. 556). Reported to be one of the biggest freshwater fishes of the world, reaching a length of over 2 m and weight of over 100 kg (Ref. 26170); which is probably erroneous (A. Mangold, pers. comm.).
通常獨居性的, 居住於迅急流動的溪流的較深的區域且含氧量高的水域。 成魚是具有領域性但是不是獨居性.(參考文獻 26170) 食肉動物。 稚魚主要捕食無脊椎動物而且成魚主要捕食魚, 也捕食兩棲動物，爬蟲類，小的哺乳動物與水鳥.(參考文獻 26170) 重要的垂釣用魚最少有來自 50-55 公分的捕捉的大小。 人工地被孵化而且後面魚的幼魚的移植不是成功的。 族群品系消耗在水壩與水庫由於過漁，工業污染，水路變更與設計不良或非存在的魚梯。 領域性, 但是短距離向上游移動進行產卵.(參考文獻 556) 報告是被達到超過 2 公尺與超過 100 公斤的重量長度的世界的最大淡水魚之一;(參考文獻 26170) 是可能錯誤 (A. Mangold ， pers. comm.)。
Sexually mature fish migrate upstream into smaller and shallower (0.3-1.5 m deep) streams (Ref. 26170), usually in upper reaches of tributaries (Ref. 59043). Males arrive first at spawning sites. Males defend females against other individuals. Spawning usually occurs during daytime (Ref. 59043). Spawns on gravelly bottom where female makes a shallow hole where the eggs are laid and covered with gravel (Ref. 682). Both sexes covered the eggs with substrate. They both defend the spawning site up to 2 weeks after spawning. Eggs usually hatch after 25-40 days. Larvae stay in gravel until yolk sac is absorbed after 8-14 days (Ref. 59043). Young remain near spawning area feeding on bottom fauna. Spawns with snow melt, in shallow water in Danube or affluents (Ref. 682).歐洲: 多瑙河流域的河。 當消退的他們的數字在多瑙河中由於生態學的改變時候，引入其他的歐洲河流域中了。 伯恩公約的附錄 3(受保育的動物群).
Kottelat, M., 1997. European freshwater fishes. An heuristic checklist of the freshwater fishes of Europe (exclusive of former USSR), with an introduction for non-systematists and comments on nomenclature and conservation. Biologia, Bratislava, 52/Suppl. 5:1-271. (Ref. 13696)
IUCN 瀕危狀態 (Ref. 130435)
瀕危 (EN) (B2ab(ii,iii)); Date assessed: 01 January 2008
人類使用
漁業: 商業性; 養殖: 商業性; 游釣魚種: 是的
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Estimates based on models
Phylogenetic diversity index (Ref.
82804): PD
50 = 0.5625 [Uniqueness, from 0.5 = low to 2.0 = high].
Bayesian length-weight: a=0.01230 (0.00732 - 0.02067), b=3.01 (2.86 - 3.16), in cm total length, based on LWR estimates for this species & (Sub)family-body (Ref.
93245).
營養階層 (Ref.
69278): 4.2 ±0.74 se; based on food items.
Generation time: 11.0 ( na - na) years. Estimated as median ln(3)/K based on 2
growth studies.
回復力 (Ref.
120179): 低的, 最小族群倍增時間4.5 - 14 年 (tm=5; tmax=20).
Fishing Vulnerability (Ref.
59153): High to very high vulnerability (68 of 100).
