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Gymnuridae - - Klassifizierung -
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- Myliobatiformes
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Gymnura natalensis (Gilchrist & Thompson, 1911)
Butterfly ray
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| Native range | All suitable habitat | Point map | Year 2050 |
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| This map was computer-generated and has not yet been reviewed. |
| Gymnura natalensis AquaMaps Data sources: GBIF OBIS |
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Pictures | Google Bild
Gymnura natalensis
Female picture by SFSA
Pictures | Google Bild
Female picture by SFSA
Klassifizierung / Names Namen | Synonyme | Catalog of Fishes(Gattung, Arten) | ITIS | CoL | WoRMS | Cloffa
Elasmobranchii (Haie und Rochen) (sharks and rays) > Myliobatiformes (Stingrays) > Gymnuridae (Butterfly rays)
Etymology: Gymnura: Greek, gymnos = naked + Greek, oura = tail (Ref. 45335).
More on authors: Gilchrist & Thompson.
Etymology: Gymnura: Greek, gymnos = naked + Greek, oura = tail (Ref. 45335).
More on authors: Gilchrist & Thompson.
Environment: milieu / climate zone / depth range / distribution range Ökologie
seewasser demersal; tiefenbereich 20 - 100 m (Ref. 28016). Subtropical
Verbreitung Länder | FAO Gebiete | Ecosystems | Vorkommen | Point map | Einführungen | Faunafri
Southeast Atlantic and Western Indian Ocean: Namibia round the Cape to southern Mozambique.
Length at first maturity / Size / Gewicht / Alter
Maturity: Lm ?, range 150 - ? cm
Max length : 250 cm WD Männchen/unbestimmt; (Ref. 3263); max. veröff. Gewicht: 82.6 kg (Ref. 40637)
Max length : 250 cm WD Männchen/unbestimmt; (Ref. 3263); max. veröff. Gewicht: 82.6 kg (Ref. 40637)
Kurzbeschreibung Bestimmungsschlüssel | Morphologie | Morphometrie
Rückenflossenstacheln (insgesamt) : 0. Broad diamond-shaped pectoral disc almost twice as wide as it is long; tail shorter than body with black and white bands and a small sting; tentacle at rear edge of each spiracle (Ref. 5578). Grey, green or brown above, often with darker mottling; white below; can change color of upper disc rapidly to match substrate (Ref. 5578).
Occurs off sandy beaches, muddy estuaries and offshore banks. Found singly or in large groups (Ref. 5578). Feeds on a variety of fishes, crabs and polychaete worms (Ref. 5578). Ovoviviparous (Ref. 50449). Ability to change markings and color to blend into environment (Ref. 3263). Caught by offshore trawlers (Ref. 5578). Caught by shore anglers, it is prized for its strong fight when hooked, often released (Ref. 5578).
Life cycle and mating behavior Geschlechtsreife | Fortpflanzung | Ablaichen | Eier | Fecundity | Larven
Exhibit ovoviparity (aplacental viviparity), with embryos feeding initially on yolk, then receiving additional nourishment from the mother by indirect absorption of uterine fluid enriched with mucus, fat or protein through specialised structures (Ref. 50449). Distinct pairing with embrace (Ref. 205). One year gestation; up to 10 young (Ref. 5578).
Hauptreferenz
Upload your references | Referenzen | Koordinator : McEachran, John | Partner
Compagno, L.J.V., 1986. Dasyatidae. p. 135-142. In M.M. Smith and P.C. Heemstra (eds.) Smiths' sea fishes. Springer-Verlag, Berlin. (Ref. 3263)
IUCN Rote Liste Status (Ref. 130435: Version 2024-2)
nicht bedroht (LC) ; Date assessed: 24 April 2018
CITES
Not Evaluated
Bedrohung für Menschen
Harmless
Nutzung durch Menschen
Fischereien: ; Sportfisch: ja
FAO - Publication: search | FishSource |
Mehr Information
Population dynamics
Growth parameters
Max. ages / sizes
Length-weight rel.
Length-length rel.
Längenhäufigkeiten
Mass conversion
Rekrutierung
Dichte
Growth parameters
Max. ages / sizes
Length-weight rel.
Length-length rel.
Längenhäufigkeiten
Mass conversion
Rekrutierung
Dichte
Life cycle
Fortpflanzung
Geschlechtsreife
Maturity/Gills rel.
Fecundity
Ablaichen
Spawning aggregations
Eier
Eientwicklung
Larven
Larven Pop.Dyn.
Fortpflanzung
Geschlechtsreife
Maturity/Gills rel.
Fecundity
Ablaichen
Spawning aggregations
Eier
Eientwicklung
Larven
Larven Pop.Dyn.
Anatomy
Kiemenoberfläche
Brain
Otolith
Kiemenoberfläche
Brain
Otolith
Physiology
Body composition
Nutrients
Oxygen consumption
Swimming type
Swimming speed
Visual pigments
Fish sound
Diseases & Parasites
Toxicity (LC50s)
Body composition
Nutrients
Oxygen consumption
Swimming type
Swimming speed
Visual pigments
Fish sound
Diseases & Parasites
Toxicity (LC50s)
Genetics
Genetik
Heterozygosity
Vererbbarkeit
Genetik
Heterozygosity
Vererbbarkeit
Human related
Aquaculture systems
Aquakultur Profile
Zuchtlinien
Ciguatera cases
Stamps, coins, misc.
Aquaculture systems
Aquakultur Profile
Zuchtlinien
Ciguatera cases
Stamps, coins, misc.
Tools
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Zusatzinformationen
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Zusammenfassung | Point data | Namen | Photos
Internet Quellen
AFORO (otoliths) | Aquatic Commons | BHL | Cloffa | BOLDSystems | Websites from users | FishWatcher Einträge suchen | CISTI | Catalog of Fishes: Gattung, Arten | DiscoverLife | ECOTOX | FAO - Publication: search | Faunafri | Fishipedia | Fishtrace | GenBank: Genom, nucleotide | GloBI | Google Books | Google Scholar | Google | IGFA World Record | MitoFish | Otolith Atlas of Taiwan Fishes | PubMed | Reef Life Survey | Socotra Atlas | Tree of Life | Wikipedia: Gehe zu, Suchen | World Records Freshwater Fishing | Zoological Record
Estimates based on models
Preferred temperature (Ref. 123201): 14.5 - 27.1, mean 25.3 °C (based on 72 cells).
Phylogenetic diversity index (Ref. 82804): PD50 = 0.5000 [Uniqueness, from 0.5 = low to 2.0 = high].
Bayesian length-weight: a=0.00776 (0.00351 - 0.01718), b=3.09 (2.89 - 3.29), in cm total length, based on LWR estimates for this (Sub)family-body shape (Ref. 93245).
Trophic level (Ref. 69278): 3.9 ±0.65 se; based on food items.
Widerstandsfähigkeit (Ref. 120179): sehr niedrig, Verdopplung der Population dauert mehr als 14 Jahre. (Fec=10).
Fishing Vulnerability (Ref. 59153): Moderate vulnerability (43 of 100).