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Epinephelus malabaricus (Bloch & Schneider, 1801)
Malabar grouper
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| Native range | All suitable habitat | Point map | Year 2050 |
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| This map was computer-generated and has not yet been reviewed. |
| Epinephelus malabaricus AquaMaps Data sources: GBIF OBIS |
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Epinephelus malabaricus
Picture by De Vroe, J.
Pictures | Videos | Google image
Picture by De Vroe, J.
Classification / Names Nomi Comuni | Sinonimi | Catalog of Fishes(Genere, Specie) | ITIS | CoL | WoRMS | Cloffa
> Perciformes/Serranoidei (Groupers) > Epinephelidae (Groupers)
Etymology: Epinephelus: Greek, epinephelos = cloudy (Ref. 45335).
More on authors: Bloch & Schneider.
Etymology: Epinephelus: Greek, epinephelos = cloudy (Ref. 45335).
More on authors: Bloch & Schneider.
Environment: milieu / climate zone / depth range / distribution range Ecologia
marino; salmastro associati a barriera corallina; amfidromo (Ref. 51243); distribuzione batimetrica 0 - 150 m (Ref. 5222). Tropical; 30°N - 32°S, 29°E - 173°W (Ref. 5222)
Distribuzione Stati | Aree FAO | Ecosystems | Presenze | Point map | Introduzioni | Faunafri
Indo-Pacific: Red Sea and East Africa to Tonga, north to Japan, south to Australia. It is not known from the Persian Gulf, where the closely related Epinephelus coioides is common.
Length at first maturity / Size / Peso / Age
Maturity: Lm 64.0 range ? - ? cm
Max length : 234 cm TL maschio/sesso non determinato; (Ref. 5213); common length : 100.0 cm TL maschio/sesso non determinato; (Ref. 5213); peso massimo pubblicato: 150.0 kg (Ref. 9710)
Max length : 234 cm TL maschio/sesso non determinato; (Ref. 5213); common length : 100.0 cm TL maschio/sesso non determinato; (Ref. 5213); peso massimo pubblicato: 150.0 kg (Ref. 9710)
Short description Chiavi di identificazione | Morfologia | Morfometria
Spine dorsali (totale) : 11; Raggi dorsali molli (totale) : 14 - 16; Spine anali: 3; Raggi anali molli: 8. Characterized by light grey to yellowish brown color; five slightly oblique dark brown bars that bifurcate ventrally; numerous small black spots and blotches in head and body; ctenoid scales on body except cycloid anterodorsally on body, thorax and abdomen; body with auxiliary scales; greatest depth of body 3.0-3.6 in SL; rounded caudal fin; pelvic fins, 2.0-2.6 in head length (Ref. 90102); head length 2.3-2.6 times in SL; snout length 1.7-2.0 times in upper jaw length; interorbital width 4.5-6.5 times in HL and 2.1-3.0 times in upper jaw length; flat or slightly convex interorbital area; subangular preopercle, with enlarged serrae at the angle; almost straight upper edge of operculum; subequal posterior and anterior nostrils, except in large adults which have the posterior nostrils slightly larger; maxilla reaches to or past vertical at rear edge of orbit, maxilla width 4.5-6.5% of SL; upper jaw length 17-22% of SL, 2-5 rows of teeth on midlateral part of lower jaw (Ref. 89707).
A common species found in a variety of habitats: coral and rocky reefs, tide pools, estuaries, mangrove swamps and sandy or mud bottom from shore to depths of 150 m. Solitary (Ref 90102). Juveniles found near shore and in estuaries; sex reversal probable; catch statistics poor being previously confused with E. andersoni (Ref. 4332). Feed primarily on fishes and crustaceans, and occasionally on cephalopods (Ref. 9710). Present in Hong Kong live fish markets (Ref. 27253). Widely used in mariculture mainly in the Far East (Ref. 43448).
Life cycle and mating behavior Maturità | Riproduzione | Deposizione | Uova | Fecundity | Larve
Main reference
Upload your references | Bibliografia | Coordinatore | Collaboratori
Heemstra, P.C. and J.E. Randall, 1993. FAO Species Catalogue. Vol. 16. Groupers of the world (family Serranidae, subfamily Epinephelinae). An annotated and illustrated catalogue of the grouper, rockcod, hind, coral grouper and lyretail species known to date. Rome: FAO. FAO Fish. Synop. 125(16):382 p. (Ref. 5222)
IUCN Red List Status (Ref. 130435: Version 2024-2)
Least Concern (LC) ; Date assessed: 18 November 2016
CITES
Not Evaluated
Threat to humans
Harmless
Human uses
Pesca: elevato interesse commerciale; Acquacoltura: commerciale; Pesce da pesca sportiva: si
FAO - Aquaculture systems: production; ; Publication: search | FishSource | Sea Around Us
Informazioni ulteriori
Population dynamics
Growth parameters
Max. ages / sizes
Length-weight rel.
Length-length rel.
Length-frequencies
Mass conversion
Reclutamento
Abbondanza
Growth parameters
Max. ages / sizes
Length-weight rel.
Length-length rel.
Length-frequencies
Mass conversion
Reclutamento
Abbondanza
Life cycle
Riproduzione
Maturità
Maturity/Gills rel.
Fecundity
Deposizione
Spawning aggregations
Uova
Egg development
Larve
Dinamica popolazioni larvali
Riproduzione
Maturità
Maturity/Gills rel.
Fecundity
Deposizione
Spawning aggregations
Uova
Egg development
Larve
Dinamica popolazioni larvali
Physiology
Body composition
Nutrients
Oxygen consumption
Swimming type
Swimming speed
Visual pigments
Fish sound
Diseases & Parasites
Toxicity (LC50s)
Body composition
Nutrients
Oxygen consumption
Swimming type
Swimming speed
Visual pigments
Fish sound
Diseases & Parasites
Toxicity (LC50s)
Genetics
Genetica
Heterozygosity
Ereditarietà
Genetica
Heterozygosity
Ereditarietà
Human related
Aquaculture systems
Profili di acquacoltura
Varietà
Ciguatera cases
Stamps, coins, misc.
Aquaculture systems
Profili di acquacoltura
Varietà
Ciguatera cases
Stamps, coins, misc.
Strumenti
Bio-Quiz | E-book | Giuda pratica | Chiavi di identificazione | Generatore frequenze di lunghezza | Strumento Parametri Biologici | Mappa dei ritrovamenti | Classification Tree
| Catch-MSY |
Special reports
Download XML
Fonti Internet
AFORO (otoliths) | Alien/Invasive Species database | Aquatic Commons | BHL | Cloffa | BOLDSystems | Websites from users | Check FishWatcher | CISTI | Catalog of Fishes: Genere, Specie | DiscoverLife | ECOTOX | FAO - Aquaculture systems: production; ; Publication: search | Faunafri | Fishipedia | Fishtrace | GenBank: genome, nucleotide | GloBI | Google Books | Google Scholar | Google | IGFA World Record | MitoFish | Database Nazionali | Otolith Atlas of Taiwan Fishes | Acquari pubblici | PubMed | Reef Life Survey | Socotra Atlas | Tree of Life | Wikipedia: Go, ricerca | World Records Freshwater Fishing | Zoological Record
Estimates based on models
Preferred temperature (Ref. 123201): 24.3 - 29.1, mean 28 °C (based on 2428 cells).
Phylogenetic diversity index (Ref. 82804): PD50 = 0.5000 [Uniqueness, from 0.5 = low to 2.0 = high].
Bayesian length-weight: a=0.01230 (0.00803 - 0.01885), b=3.05 (2.93 - 3.17), in cm total length, based on LWR estimates for this species & Genus-body shape (Ref. 93245).
Trophic level (Ref. 69278): 4.2 ±0.50 se; based on food items.
Generation time: 1.4 ( na - na) years. Estimated as median ln(3)/K based on 1 growth studies.
Resilienza (Ref. 120179): Basso, tempo minimo di raddoppiamento della popolazione 4.5 - 14 anni (Fec = 51,087).
Fishing Vulnerability (Ref. 59153): Moderate vulnerability (40 of 100).
Nutrients (Ref. 124155): Calcium = 16.4 [6.8, 35.7] mg/100g; Iron = 0.497 [0.220, 1.121] mg/100g; Protein = 19.6 [17.9, 21.1] %; Omega3 = 0.129 [0.065, 0.254] g/100g; Selenium = 75.1 [32.6, 184.0] μg/100g; VitaminA = 33.9 [6.3, 185.3] μg/100g; Zinc = 0.838 [0.516, 1.355] mg/100g (wet weight);