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spesis berkaitan
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Gadus - spesis di dalam
Gadidae - - klasifikasi -
- Gadidae
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| Native range | All suitable habitat | Point map | Year 2050 |
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| This map was computer-generated and has not yet been reviewed. |
| Gadus morhua AquaMaps Data sources: GBIF OBIS |
muatnaik fotos/gambar dan video
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Gadus morhua
Picture by Morris, P.
Pictures | Videos | Sounds | Stamps, coins, misc. | imej Google
Picture by Morris, P.
klasifikasi / Names Nama-nama umum | Sinonim (persamaan) | Catalog of Fishes(Marga, Jenis) | ITIS | CoL | WoRMS | Cloffa
> Gadiformes (Cods) > Gadidae (Cods and haddocks)
Etymology: Gadus: Latin, gadus = a fish, cod? (Ref. 45335).
More on author: Linnaeus.
Etymology: Gadus: Latin, gadus = a fish, cod? (Ref. 45335).
More on author: Linnaeus.
Environment: milieu / climate zone / depth range / distribution range Ekologi
laut; payau bentopelagis; oceanodromus (Ref. 51243); kisaran kedalaman 0 - 600 m (Ref. 1371), usually 150 - 200 m (Ref. 54441). Temperate; 0°C - 15°C; 83°N - 35°N, 76°W - 86°E (Ref. 1371)
Penyebaran Negara-negara | Daerah-daerah FAO | Ecosystems | Kemunculan | Point map | Introduksi | Faunafri
North Atlantic and Arctic: Ungava Bay in Canada along the North American coast to Cape Hatteras; North Carolina in the western Atlantic. East and west coast of Greenland; around Iceland; from Barents Sea including the region around Bear Island along the European coast to Bay of Biscay (Ref. 88171).
Length at first maturity / Size / Weight / umur
Maturity: Lm 65.4, range 31 - 74 cm
Max length : 200 cm TL jantan/; (Ref. 1371); common length : 100.0 cm TL jantan/; (Ref. 1371); Berat maksimum terpublikasi: 96.0 kg (Ref. 9988); Umur maksimum dilaporkan: 25 Tahun (Ref. 173)
Max length : 200 cm TL jantan/; (Ref. 1371); common length : 100.0 cm TL jantan/; (Ref. 1371); Berat maksimum terpublikasi: 96.0 kg (Ref. 9988); Umur maksimum dilaporkan: 25 Tahun (Ref. 173)
deskripsi pendek Kunci identifiaksi (pengenalan) | Morfologi | Morfometrik
Duri punggung (Keseluruhan (total)) : 0; duri punggung lunak (Keseluruhan (total)) : 44 - 55; Duri dubur: 0; Sirip dubur lunak: 33 - 45; vertebrata, bertulang belakang: 51 - 55. Protruding upper jaw, a conspicuous barbel on the lower jaw, and light lateral line, curved above the pectoral fins. Predorsal distance is less than one third of total length; body depth about 1/5 of total length. Color varies from brownish to greenish or gray dorsally and on upper sides, becoming pale and silvery ventrally. Peritoneum silvery.
Widely distributed in a variety of habitats, from the shoreline down to the continental shelf. Juveniles prefer shallow (less than 10-30 m depth) sublittoral waters with complex habitats, such as seagrass beds, areas with gravel, rocks, or boulder, which provide protection from predators (Refs. 89383, 89384). Adults are usually found in deeper, colder waters. During the day, form schools and swim about 30-80 m above the bottom, dispersing at night to feed (Ref. 1371, 89385). Omnivorous; feed at dawn or dusk on invertebrates and fish, including young cod. (Ref. 1371). Migrate between spawning, feeding and overwintering areas, mostly within the boundaries of the respective stocks. Migrations >200 km are rare occurrences (Refs. 89386, 89387). Marketed fresh, dried or salted, smoked and frozen; eaten steamed, fried, broiled, boiled, microwaved and baked (Ref. 9988).
Life cycle and mating behavior Kematangan | Reproduksi, perkembang biakan | Pemijahan | telur-telur | Fecundity | Larva
Spawning occurs in winter and beginning of spring, where big schools are formed. Spawning sites are in offshore waters, at or near the bottom, in 50-200 m depth and 0-12 °C (preferred range 0-6°C) (Refs. 1371, 89387). May form spawning aggregations in the water column when bottom temperatures are unsuitable (Ref. 1371). Different spawning areas may be used in subsequent years (Ref. 89387). Embryo development lasts about 14 days (at 6°C) and larval phase lasts about 3 months(at 8°C). Fecundity ranges from 2.5 million eggs in a 5 kg female to a record of 9 million eggs in a 34 kg female. Reported number of batches spawned in an experiment is 8 - 22 (Ref. 5513). Sex ratio is nearly 50%, with slight predominance of females. Classified as a determinate multiple spawner (Ref. 40290). Older and larger cod had been found to produce larger eggs with neutral buoyancy at lower salinities. This can be crucial to egg and larval survival (Refs. 31930, 38384). Larvae are pelagic up to 2.5 months before settling on the bottom (Ref. 1371).
In the Baltic, spawning cumulates in March at depths below 20 m near the bottom. The nursery areas are in the inner coastal zone. Recruitment to the fished stock starts below 2 years and peaks at about 3 years of age (Ref. 5947).
rujukan utama
Upload your references | Acuan | Koordinator | mitra
Cohen, D.M., T. Inada, T. Iwamoto and N. Scialabba, 1990. FAO species catalogue. Vol. 10. Gadiform fishes of the world (Order Gadiformes). An annotated and illustrated catalogue of cods, hakes, grenadiers and other gadiform fishes known to date. FAO Fish. Synop. 125(10). Rome: FAO. 442 p. (Ref. 1371)
Status IUCN Red List (Ref. 130435: Version 2024-2)
Rentan, lihat daftar merah IUCN (VU) (A1bd); Date assessed: 01 August 1996
CITES
Not Evaluated
ancaman kepada manusia
Harmless
penggunaan manusia
Perikanan: bernilai komersial tinggi; Budidaya air: komersial; Ikan buruan: ya
FAO - Aquaculture systems: production, profail spesis; Perikanan: landings, profail spesis; Publication: search | FIRMS - Stock assessments | FishSource | Sea Around Us
informasi lanjut
Life cycle
Reproduksi, perkembang biakan
Kematangan
Maturity/Gills rel.
Fecundity
Pemijahan
Spawning aggregations
telur-telur
pekembangan telor
Larva
Dinamika larva
Reproduksi, perkembang biakan
Kematangan
Maturity/Gills rel.
Fecundity
Pemijahan
Spawning aggregations
telur-telur
pekembangan telor
Larva
Dinamika larva
Physiology
Body composition
Nutrients
Oxygen consumption
Swimming type
Swimming speed
Visual pigments
Fish sound
Diseases & Parasites
Toxicity (LC50s)
Body composition
Nutrients
Oxygen consumption
Swimming type
Swimming speed
Visual pigments
Fish sound
Diseases & Parasites
Toxicity (LC50s)
Alat, peralatan
Bio-Quiz | E-book | Penuntun lapangan | Kunci identifiaksi (pengenalan) | tanda freqkuenci panjang | peringkat sejarah hidup | peta titik | Classification Tree
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laporan khas
muat turun XML
Sumber internet
AFORO (otoliths) | Aquatic Commons | BHL | Cloffa | BOLDSystems | Websites from users | semak peneliti ikan | CISTI | Catalog of Fishes: Marga, Jenis | DiscoverLife | DORIS | ECOTOX | FAO - Aquaculture systems: production, profail spesis; Perikanan: landings, profail spesis; Publication: search | Faunafri | Fishipedia | Fishtrace | GenBank: genom, Nukleotida | GloBI | Google Books | Google Scholar | Google | IGFA World Record | MitoFish | Pangkalan data nasional | OceanAdapt | OsteoBase: skull, spine | Otolith Atlas of Taiwan Fishes | Akuarium publik | PubMed | Reef Life Survey | pengenalan RFE | Socotra Atlas | Tree of Life | Wikipedia: pergi, Cari | World Records Freshwater Fishing | Zoobank | Zoological Record
Estimates based on models
Preferred temperature (Ref. 123201): 0.5 - 10.3, mean 6.6 °C (based on 769 cells).
Phylogenetic diversity index (Ref. 82804): PD50 = 0.6250 [Uniqueness, from 0.5 = low to 2.0 = high].
Bayesian length-weight: a=0.00676 (0.00606 - 0.00755), b=3.08 (3.05 - 3.11), in cm total length, based on LWR estimates for this species (Ref. 93245).
Trophic level (Ref. 69278): 4.1 ±0.2 se; based on diet studies.
Generation time: 7.7 (7.1 - 9.2) years. Estimated as median ln(3)/K based on 57 growth studies.
Daya lenting (Ref. 120179): sedang, Waktu penggandaan populasi minimum 1.4 - 4.4 tahun (rm=0.2-1.1; also (Ref. 36717)).
Prior r = 0.51, 95% CL = 0.34 - 0.76, Based on 66 full stock assessments.
Fishing Vulnerability (Ref. 59153): High to very high vulnerability (65 of 100).
Climate Vulnerability (Ref. 125649): Moderate vulnerability (39 of 100).
Nutrients (Ref. 124155): Calcium = 9.58 [5.33, 15.04] mg/100g; Iron = 0.125 [0.070, 0.223] mg/100g; Protein = 17.5 [16.2, 18.8] %; Omega3 = 0.533 [0.234, 1.174] g/100g; Selenium = 15.4 [7.3, 33.8] μg/100g; VitaminA = 10.7 [2.4, 46.7] μg/100g; Zinc = 0.422 [0.309, 0.573] mg/100g (wet weight); based on nutrient studies.