Environment: milieu / climate zone / kisaran kedalaman / distribution range					
						Ekologi					
				
				
				
					laut pelagic-oceanic; oceanodromus (Ref. 51243);  kisaran kedalaman ? - 200 m (Ref. 86942). Subtropical				
				 
			
			
			
				
				
				
					Worldwide in warm seas.  Western Indian Ocean:  including Reunion and Mauritius (Ref. 33390).  Eastern Pacific:  off San Francisco in California, USA to Chile, but rare north of Baja California in Mexico.  Western Atlantic:  Florida in USA and Gulf of Mexico to Brazil (Ref. 7251).  Eastern Central Atlantic:  St. Paul's Rocks (Ref. 13121).
				
				 
			
			
				
					Size / Weight / umur
				
				
				
					Kematangan: Lm ?  range ? - ? cm
 Max length : 30.0 cm SL jantan/; (Ref. 5288)				
				 
			
			
						
				
				
				
					Duri punggung (Keseluruhan (total)) : 0; duri punggung lunak (Keseluruhan (total)) : 17 - 22; Duri dubur: 0; Sirip dubur lunak: 21 - 26. Pale grey to white in color.
Body shape (shape guide): elongated.				
				 
			
			
			
			
			
			
			
				Host specific on manta rays, but occasionally attaches to sharks.  Often occurs inside gill chamber and mouth of host.  Also attaches itself to black marlin, Makaira indica, of the Indo-Pacific Region (Ref. 7251).  Rarely free-swimming (Ref. 10791).  Used in Chinese medicine (Ref. 12166).			
			 
			
			
			
				
					Life cycle and mating behavior					
					Kematangan | Reproduksi, perkembang biakan | Pemijahan | telur-telur | Fecundity | Larva				
				
				
				
								
				
			
			 
				
				
				
					Gray, K.N., J.R. McDowell, B.B. Collette and J.E. Graves, 2009. A molecular phylogeny of the remoras and their relatives. Bull. Mar. Sci. 84(2):183-198. (Ref. 86676)
				
				 
			
			
			
							
					
						Status IUCN Red List   (Ref. 130435: Version 2025-1)
					
					
				 
					
			
			
			
			
			
			
			
				
					ancaman kepada manusia  
				
				
				
					  Harmless				
				
			 
			
			
			
			
				
					penggunaan manusia  				
				
				
									
				
				
			
			
						
			
			
			
				
Alat, peralatan
				
			
			
			
				
laporan khas
 
				
			
			
			
				
muat turun XML
				
			
			
			
				
					Sumber internet
				
				
			
			
			
				
					Estimates based on models				
				
				
				Preferred temperature (Acuan 
123201): 16.7 - 28.2, mean 25.7 °C (based on 1829 cells).
				
				
					
					Phylogenetic diversity index  (Acuan 
82804):  PD
50 = 0.5352   [Uniqueness, from 0.5 = low to 2.0 = high].					
													Bayesian length-weight: a=0.00257 (0.00110 - 0.00600), b=3.17 (2.96 - 3.38), in cm total length, based on LWR estimates for this (Sub)family-body shape (Ref. 
93245).
					
					Trophic level  (Acuan 
69278):  3.4   ±0.4 se; based on size and trophs of closest relatives					
											
				
				
										
						Daya lenting  (Acuan 
120179):  sedang, Waktu penggandaan populasi minimum 1.4 - 4.4 tahun (Assuming Fec < 10,000).					
											
				
									
					Fishing Vulnerability  (Ref. 
59153):  Low to moderate vulnerability (27 of 100). 
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