Environment: milieu / climate zone / ລະດັບຄວາມເລິກ / distribution range					
						ນິເວດວິທະຍາ					
				
				
				
					ສັດທະເລ pelagic-oceanic; ປາທີ່ມີການເຄື່ອນຍ້າຍໃນສະເພາະມາະຫາສະມຸດ (Ref. 51243);  ລະດັບຄວາມເລິກ ? - 200 m (Ref. 86942). Subtropical				
				 
			
			
			
				
				
				
					Worldwide in warm seas.  Western Indian Ocean:  including Reunion and Mauritius (Ref. 33390).  Eastern Pacific:  off San Francisco in California, USA to Chile, but rare north of Baja California in Mexico.  Western Atlantic:  Florida in USA and Gulf of Mexico to Brazil (Ref. 7251).  Eastern Central Atlantic:  St. Paul's Rocks (Ref. 13121).
				
				 
			
			
				
					ຂະໜາດ / ນ້ຳໜັກ / Age
				
				
				
					ການຈະເລີນເຕັມໄວ: Lm ?  range ? - ? cm
 Max length : 30.0 cm SL ຕົວຜູ້/ບໍ່ມີເພດ; (Ref. 5288)				
				 
			
			
						
				
				
				
					ຄີ (ໜາມ)ແຂງຢູ່ຫຼັງປາ (ທັງໝົດ) : 0; ຄີຫຼັງຂອງປາ (ຄີອ່ອນ) (ທັງໝົດ) : 17 - 22; ຄີ(ໜາມ) ແຂງຢູ່ຄີກົ້ນປາ
ກຸ່ມປາກະດູກແຂງ
ຄວາມຖີ່ຂອງກຸ່ມຖ່າຍທອດພັນ
ປາທີ່ມີການເຄື່ອນຍ້າຍຈາກທະເລໄປຫານ້ຳຈືດ ແລະນ້ຳຈືດຫາທະເລ
ປາທີ່ມີການເຄື່ອນຍ້າຍຈາກທະເລແລະໄປໄຂ່ຢູ່ນ້ຳຈືດ
ຄີກົ້ນຂອງປາ
ສັດທີ່ມີກະດູກສັນຫັຼງ
ການຖ່າຍທອດທາງກຳມະພັນຈາກພໍ່ແມ່ຫາລູກ: 0; ຄີກົ້ນຂອງປາ: 21 - 26. Pale grey to white in color.
Body shape (shape guide): elongated.				
				 
			
			
			
			
			
			
			
				Host specific on manta rays, but occasionally attaches to sharks.  Often occurs inside gill chamber and mouth of host.  Also attaches itself to black marlin, Makaira indica, of the Indo-Pacific Region (Ref. 7251).  Rarely free-swimming (Ref. 10791).  Used in Chinese medicine (Ref. 12166).			
			 
			
			
			
				
					Life cycle and mating behavior					
					ການຈະເລີນເຕັມໄວ | ການສືບພັນ | ການວາງໄຂ່ | ໄຂ່ | ຄວາມດົກຂອງໄຂ່ປາ | ຕົວອ່ອນ				
				
				
				
								
				
			
			 
				
				
				
					Gray, K.N., J.R. McDowell, B.B. Collette and J.E. Graves, 2009. A molecular phylogeny of the remoras and their relatives. Bull. Mar. Sci. 84(2):183-198. (Ref. 86676)
				
				 
			
			
			
							
					
						IUCN Red List Status   (Ref. 130435: Version 2025-1)
					
					
				 
					
			
			
			
			
			
			
			
				
					Threat to humans  
				
				
				
					  Harmless				
				
			 
			
			
			
			
				
					Human uses  				
				
				
									
				
				
			
			
						
			
			
			
				
ເຄື່ອງມື
				
			
			
			
				
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					ແຫຼ່ງອີນເຕີເນັດ
				
				
			
			
			
				
					Estimates based on models				
				
				
				Preferred temperature (ເອກະສານອ້າງອີງ 
123201): 16.7 - 28.2, mean 25.7 °C (based on 1829 cells).
				
				
					
					Phylogenetic diversity index  (ເອກະສານອ້າງອີງ 
82804):  PD
50 = 0.5352   [Uniqueness, from 0.5 = low to 2.0 = high].					
													Bayesian length-weight: a=0.00257 (0.00110 - 0.00600), b=3.17 (2.96 - 3.38), in cm total length, based on LWR estimates for this (Sub)family-body shape (Ref. 
93245).
					
					ຊັ້ນເຂດຮ້ອນ  (ເອກະສານອ້າງອີງ 
69278):  3.4   ±0.4 se; based on size and trophs of closest relatives					
											
				
				
										
						ຄວາມຢືດຢຸ່ນ  (ເອກະສານອ້າງອີງ 
120179):  ຂະໜາດກາງ, ປະຊາກອນຕຳ່ສຸດທີ່ໃຊ້ເວລາສອງເທົ່າ 1.4 - 4.4 ປີ (Assuming Fec < 10,000).					
											
				
									
					Fishing Vulnerability  (Ref. 
59153):  Low to moderate vulnerability (27 of 100). 
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