分類 / Names
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Teleostei >
Cypriniformes (Carps) >
Leuciscidae (Minnows) > Pogonichthyinae
Etymology: Pimephales: Greek, pimeles, -es = fat + Greek, phales = whale; if the root is Greek, phales, -etos = penis (Ref. 45335); promelas: From the words pro, meaning forward; and melas, black (referring to the black head of nuptial males) (Ref. 10294).
More on author: Rafinesque.
Environment: milieu / climate zone / depth range / distribution range
生態學
; 淡水 居於水底的. 亞熱帶的; 0°C - 33°C (Ref. 35682); 61°N - 29°N
North and Central America: Over much of North America from Quebec to Northwest Territories and British Columbia in Canada and south to Alabama, Texas in USA, and Mexico. Widely introduced, including in Colorado River drainage in Arizona and New Mexico, USA. Not present on Atlantic and Gulf slopes between Potomac River in Virginia and Trinity River in Texas. Several countries report adverse ecological impact after introduction.
北美洲: 遍及從魁北克到加拿大西北地區的北美洲的許多地方而且南至阿拉巴馬州，德克薩斯與美國新墨西哥州。 也在墨西哥。 引入後的一些國家報告不利的生態衝擊。 亞洲: 伊朗.(參考文獻 39702)
大小 / 重量 / 年齡
Maturity: Lm ? range ? - ? cm
Max length : 10.1 cm TL 雄魚/尚未辨別雌雄; (Ref. 10294); common length : 7.3 cm TL 雄魚/尚未辨別雌雄; (Ref. 12193); 最大年齡: 5 年 (Ref. 58435)
背棘 (總數) : 0; 背的軟條 (總數) : 8; 臀棘: 0; 臀鰭軟條: 7. The only species of genus introduced to Europe which differs from other cyprinid species in Europe by the following characters: prominent pad of spongy tissue on nape in males; dorsal fin origin about above pelvic fin origin; anal fin with 7½ branched rays; second simple dorsal ray spinous, about 50% length of the third one; lateral line incomplete, usually not reaching dorsal origin; weak midlateral stripe; 41-54 + 2 scales in midlateral row; and mouth terminal (Ref. 59043).
Inhabits muddy pools of headwaters, creeks, small rivers, and ponds (Ref. 5723, 86798). Also found in lakes (Ref. 10294). Can tolerate conditions (e.g., turbid, hot, poorly oxygenated, intermittent streams) unsuitable for most fishes (Ref. 5723, 86798). Feeds on detritus and algae (Ref. 10294). Spawns in still-water habitats along shores (Ref. 59043). Introductions consequently caused the spread of the enteric red-mouth disease throughout northern Europe which infected wild and cultured trouts and eels (Ref. 1739). Maintained a relatively high metabolic rate and level of activity under hypoxic conditions (Ref. 77050). Individuals that survived the hypoxic conditions during winter had rapid growth rates after ice-off (Ref. 77048).
棲息於河川源頭,小溪與小河的泥濘水池。 (參考文獻 1739) 也發現於池塘與湖。 (參考文獻 10294) 容忍不適合的環境 (例如, 混濁的﹐熱的﹐和溶氧量低又間歇的溪流) 。 (參考文獻 1739) 吃碎屑與藻類.(參考文獻 10294) 引入在傳染.野生與養殖的鱒魚與鰻魚的歐洲北部各處結果導致傳播腸內的紅嘴病。 (參考文獻 1739)
"Males defend territories and eggs, and clean plants, stone or other materials by rubbing them with the spongy nape pad and dorsal fin, which contain mucus-secreting cells and taste buds. The mucus may have fungicidal properties" (Ref. 59043).北美洲: 遍及從魁北克到加拿大西北地區的北美洲的許多地方而且南至阿拉巴馬州，德克薩斯與美國新墨西哥州。 也在墨西哥。 引入後的一些國家報告不利的生態衝擊。 亞洲: 伊朗.(參考文獻 39702)
Page, L.M. and B.M. Burr, 2011. A field guide to freshwater fishes of North America north of Mexico. Boston : Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, 663p. (Ref. 86798)
人類使用
漁業: 商業性; 水族館: 商業性; 誘餌: usually
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Estimates based on models
Phylogenetic diversity index (Ref.
82804): PD
50 = 0.5625 [Uniqueness, from 0.5 = low to 2.0 = high].
Bayesian length-weight: a=0.00851 (0.00616 - 0.01175), b=3.07 (2.98 - 3.16), in cm total length, based on LWR estimates for this species (Ref.
93245).
營養階層 (Ref.
69278): 2.4 ±0.1 se; based on diet studies.
回復力 (Ref.
120179): 高度, 族群倍增時間少於 15個月 (tmax=2).
Fishing Vulnerability (Ref.
59153): Low vulnerability (17 of 100).
