分類 / Names
俗名 | 同種異名 | Catalog of Fishes(屬, 種) | ITIS | CoL | WoRMS | Cloffa
Environment: milieu / climate zone / 深度上下限 / distribution range
生態學
; 淡水 底中水層性; 河川洄游 (Ref. 51243). 亞熱帶的; 24°S - 33°S
Africa: originally endemic to the Orange-Vaal River system, South Africa. Has been introduced into the Gouritz River, South Cape and the Olifants River, Limpopo River system where it is now established.
非洲: 橘色- 瓦爾河系統，南非的原始特有種。 曾經引入 Gouritz 河, 南方的岬與象河中, 林波波河系統在那裡它現在被建立。
大小 / 重量 / 年齡
成熟度: Lm ? range ? - ? cm
Max length : 50.0 cm FL 雄魚/尚未辨別雌雄; (Ref. 7248); 最大體重: 7.8 kg (Ref. 7248); 最大年齡: 12 年 (Ref. 6465)
背棘 (總數) : 4; 背的軟條 (總數) : 7 - 9; 臀棘: 3; 臀鰭軟條: 5.
Body shape (shape guide): fusiform / normal.
Occurs in impoundments and rivers. Prefers clear-flowing waters over sandy or rocky substrates. An omnivorous bottom feeder. Diet includes water fleas, snails, plankton, small mussels, insects, small fish, algae and detritus. Breeds in spring through to midsummer after the first substantial rains of the season. Migrates upstream to spawn over suitable gravel beds (Ref. 7248).
出現於圈圍水域與河。 偏愛在沙或岩石的底部上的清澈-流動的水域。 一個雜食性的底部捕食者。 食物包括水蚤，蝸牛，浮游生物，小的貽貝，昆蟲，小魚，藻類與碎屑。 繁殖於春天直到仲夏在第一個之後季節的實質上雨。 向上游迴游到產卵於適當的礫石床之上.(參考文獻 7248)
Life cycle and mating behavior
成熟度 | 繁殖 | 產卵場 | 卵 | 孕卵數 | 仔魚
Breeds in flowing water therefore must ascend the rivers to spawn in gravel beds. Eggs are laid in a shallow saucer-like nest which is constructed in the gravel by a female (or perhaps male) using the snout and caudal fin. Eggs are covered with gravel after fertilization. A 45 cm female carries 30, 000 eggs.非洲: 橘色- 瓦爾河系統，南非的原始特有種。 曾經引入 Gouritz 河, 南方的岬與象河中, 林波波河系統在那裡它現在被建立。
Lévêque, C. and J. Daget, 1984. Cyprinidae. p. 217-342. In J. Daget, J.-P. Gosse and D.F.E. Thys van den Audenaerde (eds.) Check-list of the freshwater fishes of Africa (CLOFFA). ORSTOM, Paris and MRAC, Tervuren. Vol. 1. (Ref. 2801)
IUCN 瀕危狀態 (Ref. 130435: Version 2025-1)
無危 (LC) ; Date assessed: 01 September 2017
人類使用
漁業: 商業性; 游釣魚種: 是的
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Estimates based on models
Phylogenetic diversity index (參考文獻
82804): PD
50 = 0.5000 [Uniqueness, from 0.5 = low to 2.0 = high].
Bayesian length-weight: a=0.00955 (0.00430 - 0.02123), b=3.02 (2.84 - 3.20), in cm total length, based on LWR estimates for this (Sub)family-body shape (Ref.
93245).
營養階層 (參考文獻
69278): 3.1 ±0.42 se; based on food items.
Generation time: 8.2 ( na - na) years. Estimated as median ln(3)/K based on 2
growth studies.
回復力 (參考文獻
120179): 低的, 最小族群倍增時間4.5 - 14 年 (K=0.13-0.27; tmax=12).
Fishing Vulnerability (Ref.
59153): Moderate vulnerability (39 of 100).
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Nutrients (Ref.
124155): Calcium = 95.8 [63.6, 169.1] mg/100g; Iron = 1.51 [1.02, 2.14] mg/100g; Protein = 18.4 [17.6, 19.1] %; Omega3 = 0.694 [0.335, 1.511] g/100g; Selenium = 29.9 [13.5, 63.4] μg/100g; VitaminA = 36 [16, 88] μg/100g; Zinc = 1.17 [0.87, 1.58] mg/100g (wet weight);
