分類 / Names
俗名 | 同種異名 | Catalog of Fishes(屬, 種) | ITIS | CoL | WoRMS | Cloffa
Teleostei >
Eupercaria/misc (Various families in series Eupercaria)
鱸形目 (Various families in series Eupercaria) >
Sciaenidae (Drums or croakers)
石首魚科 (Drums or croakers)
Etymology: Cynoscion: Greek, kyon = dog + Greek, odous = teeth + Greek, skion, skiaina = barbel, red mullet (Ref. 45335).
Eponymy: Franz Steindachner (1834–1919) was an Austrian zoologist who specialised in herpetology and ichthyology. [...] (Ref. 128868), visit book page.
More on author: Jordan.
Environment: milieu / climate zone / 深度上下限 / distribution range
生態學
海洋; 淡水; 半鹹淡水 居於水底的; 深度上下限 1 - 10 m (Ref. 3702). 熱帶; 11°N - 9°S, 46°W - 62°W
Western Atlantic: Guyana to northern Brazil.
西大西洋: 對 Belem 巴西的蓋亞那。
大小 / 重量 / 年齡
成熟度: Lm ? range ? - ? cm
Max length : 110 cm TL 雄魚/尚未辨別雌雄; (Ref. 9626); common length : 45.0 cm TL 雄魚/尚未辨別雌雄; (Ref. 3702)
背棘 (總數) : 11; 背的軟條 (總數) : 21 - 24; 臀棘: 2; 臀鰭軟條: 10 - 12. Colour greyish above, whitish below. Dorsal fin dusky, upper margin of pectoral fins orange, pelvic fins and anal fin pale, caudal fin grey with a dark margin. Inside of mouth orange. Mouth large, distinctly oblique, lower jaw projecting. Tip of upper jaw without enlarged canines. Chin without barbels or pores. Snout with only 2 marginal pores. Pectoral fins much shorter than pelvic fins. Gas bladder with a pair of medium-sized, nearly straight, horn-like anterior appendages. Soft portion of dorsal fin almost entirely covered with small scales (Ref 51721).
Body shape (shape guide): fusiform / normal.
顏色略灰色的上方, 腹面略白的。 背鰭暗色的, 胸鰭的上緣橘色的, 腹鰭與臀鰭灰白的, 尾鰭灰色的具有一個深色邊。 在嘴之內橘色的。 嘴大的﹐明顯斜, 下頜突出的。 沒有增大的犬齒的上頜的頂端。 沒有觸鬚或孔的下巴。 只吻部有 2個邊緣的孔。 胸鰭遠短於腹鰭。 氣鰾有一對中等大小的﹐幾乎是直的﹐和像觸角一樣的前肢。 背鰭的柔軟部位幾乎完全地覆蓋著小鱗片 (參考文獻 51721)了。
Mostly in brackish water swamps along the coasts; also entering freshwaters (Ref. 3702). Feeds on fish, shrimps and sometimes plants (Ref. 35237). Spawning takes place in the open sea. Important food fish (Ref. 3702).
大部份在半淡鹹水沼澤中沿著海岸; 也進入淡水。 (參考文獻 3702) 吃魚，蝦與有時植物.(參考文獻 35237) 產卵發生於開放海域。 重要的食用魚.(參考文獻 3702)
Life cycle and mating behavior
成熟度 | 繁殖 | 產卵場 | 卵 | 孕卵數 | 仔魚
西大西洋: 對 Belem 巴西的蓋亞那。
Cervigón, F., 1993. Los peces marinos de Venezuela. Volume 2. Fundación Científica Los Roques, Caracas,Venezuela. 497 p. (Ref. 9626)
IUCN 瀕危狀態 (Ref. 130435: Version 2025-1)
無危 (LC) ; Date assessed: 16 October 2019
人類使用
漁業: 商業性; 養殖: 實驗的
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Estimates based on models
Preferred temperature (參考文獻
123201): 26.7 - 28.4, mean 27.7 °C (based on 103 cells).
Phylogenetic diversity index (參考文獻
82804): PD
50 = 0.5000 [Uniqueness, from 0.5 = low to 2.0 = high].
Bayesian length-weight: a=0.00832 (0.00386 - 0.01791), b=3.07 (2.90 - 3.24), in cm total length, based on LWR estimates for this Genus-body shape (Ref.
93245).
營養階層 (參考文獻
69278): 3.3 ±0.53 se; based on food items.
回復力 (參考文獻
120179): 低的, 最小族群倍增時間4.5 - 14 年 (Preliminary K or Fecundity.).
Fishing Vulnerability (Ref.
59153): High to very high vulnerability (66 of 100).
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Nutrients (Ref.
124155): Calcium = 79.6 [48.9, 162.6] mg/100g; Iron = 0.858 [0.433, 1.558] mg/100g; Protein = 18.4 [16.8, 20.1] %; Omega3 = 0.159 [0.082, 0.271] g/100g; Selenium = 44.7 [24.9, 91.1] μg/100g; VitaminA = 12.5 [4.7, 33.4] μg/100g; Zinc = 1.17 [0.84, 1.68] mg/100g (wet weight);
