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| Native range | All suitable habitat | Point map | Year 2050 |
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| This map was computer-generated and has not yet been reviewed. |
| Thunnus thynnus AquaMaps Data sources: GBIF OBIS |
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Thunnus thynnus
Photo von Ticina, V.
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Photo von Ticina, V.
Klassifizierung / Names Namen | Synonyme | Catalog of Fishes(Gattung, Arten) | ITIS | CoL | WoRMS | Cloffa
> Scombriformes (Mackerels) > Scombridae (Mackerels, tunas, bonitos) > Scombrinae
Etymology: Thunnus: Greek, thynnos = tunna (Ref. 45335).
More on author: Linnaeus.
Etymology: Thunnus: Greek, thynnos = tunna (Ref. 45335).
More on author: Linnaeus.
Umwelt: Milieu / Klimazone / Tiefenbereich / Verbreitungsgebiet Ökologie
seewasser; brackwasser pelagic-oceanic; ozeanodrom (Ref. 71039); tiefenbereich 0 - 985 m (Ref. 55291), usually 0 - 100 m. Subtropical; 3°C - 30°C (Ref. 88796); 69°N - 58°S, 99°W - 42°E
Verbreitung Territorien | FAO Gebiete | Ökosysteme | Vorkommen | Punkt Karte | Einführungen | Faunafri
Western Atlantic: Labrador and Newfoundland to Gulf of Mexico, and Caribbean Sea to Venezuela and Brazil. Eastern Atlantic: Lofoten Islands off Norway to Canary Islands, including the Mediterranean and the southern part of the Black Sea (Ref. 6769). Reported from Mauritania (Ref. 5377). There is a subpopulation off South Africa. Highly migratory species.
Länge bei der ersten Reifung / Größe / Gewicht / Alter
Geschlechtsreife: Lm 103.5, range 97 - 110 cm
Max length : 458 cm TL Männchen/unbestimmt; (Ref. 26340); common length : 200 cm FL Männchen/unbestimmt; (Ref. 168); max. veröff. Gewicht: 684.0 kg (Ref. 26340); max. veröff. Alter: 32 Jahre (Ref. 5810)
Max length : 458 cm TL Männchen/unbestimmt; (Ref. 26340); common length : 200 cm FL Männchen/unbestimmt; (Ref. 168); max. veröff. Gewicht: 684.0 kg (Ref. 26340); max. veröff. Alter: 32 Jahre (Ref. 5810)
Kurzbeschreibung Bestimmungsschlüssel | Morphologie | Morphometrie
Rückenflossenstacheln (insgesamt) : 12 - 14; Rückenflossenweichstrahlen (insgesamt) : 13 - 15; Afterflossenstacheln: 0; Afterflossenweichstrahlen: 13 - 16; Wirbelzahl: 39. A very large species, deepest near the middle of the first dorsal fin base. The second dorsal fin higher than the first; the pectoral fins are very short, less than 80% of head length. Swim bladder present. Lower sides and belly silvery white with colorless transverse lines alternated with rows of colorless dots. The first dorsal fin is yellow or bluish; the second reddish-brown; the anal fin and finlets dusky yellow and edged with black; the median caudal keel is black in adults. May be confused with several other tunas, these are typically much smaller and easily distinguished by specific patterns of stripes, bands or dots.
Body shape (shape guide): fusiform / normal; Cross section: oval.
Body shape (shape guide): fusiform / normal; Cross section: oval.
Oceanic but seasonally coming close to shore. They school by size, sometimes together with albacore, yellowfin, bigeye, skipjack etc. Visual predators (Ref. 88866) preying on small schooling fishes (anchovies, sauries, hakes) or on squids and red crabs. Live up to 40 years in the western Atlantic (Ref. 88822). Weight up to 900 kg (Ref. 88823). Eggs and larvae are pelagic (Ref. 6769). Juvenile growth is rapid (about 30 cm / year) but slower than in other tuna
and billfish species (Ref. 88867). Adult growth is considerably slower, with about 10 years needed to reach two thirds of maximum length. Become rare because of massive overfishing (Ref. 35388).
Lebenszyklus und Paarungsverhalten Geschlechtsreife | Fortpflanzung | Ablaichen | Eier | Fruchtbarkeit | Larven
Oviparous batch spawner, with an inter-spawning interval of 1-2 days in the Mediterranean Sea (Ref. 88871). Females larger than 205 cm fork length are estimated to have a mean fecundity of 30-60 and 13-15 million eggs, in the western and eastern Atlantic respectively (Ref. 40805, Ref. 88871). Spawning occurs when sea surface temperatures are between 22.6-27.5 ºC and 22.5-25.5 ºC in the Gulf of Mexico and Mediterranean Sea respectively (88868). Spawning occurs between June and August in the Mediterranean Sea (Ref. 88868). Eggs are released directly to the water column and hatch after 2 days (Ref. 88823). At 24°C, embryo development lasts about 32 hours and larval stages about 30 days. Egg size 1.0 mm, larval length at hatching 2.8 mm.
Spawning grounds are mainly known from the Gulf of Mexico and the Mediterranean Sea, but the presence of mature individuals and larvae far from these areas (e.g. Bahamas and central North Atlantic Ocean) suggest that other spawning grounds may also be utilized (Ref. 88873, Ref. 88874, Ref. 88872). Appears to display homing behaviour with (western-tagged individuals migrating back to specific spawning sites either in the Gulf of Mexico or the Mediterranean Sea) (Ref. 88872, Ref. 88870). Fidelity to natal areas seem to occur once individuals reach maturity, i.e. after returning to either the western or eastern spawning grounds (Ref. 88868).
Hauptreferenz
Laden Sie Ihre Referenzen hoch | Referenzen | Koordinator : Collette, Bruce B. | Partner
Collette, B.B., 1999. Mackerels, molecules, and morphology. p. 149-164. In B. Séret and J.-Y. Sire (eds.) Proc. 5th Indo-Pac. Fish Conf., Noumea, Paris. (Ref. 33246)
IUCN Rote Liste Status (Ref. 130435: Version 2025-2 (Global))
nicht bedroht (LC) ; Date assessed: 15 January 2021
CITES
Not Evaluated
Bedrohung für Menschen
Harmless
Nutzung durch Menschen
Fischereien: kommerziell; Aquakultur: kommerziell; Sportfisch: ja
FAO - Aquakultur-Systeme: produktion; Fischereien: landungen, Artbeschreibung; Publication: search | FIRMS - Stock assessments | FishSource | Das Meer um uns herum
Mehr Information
Trophische Ökologie
Lebensmittel (Beutetiere)
Nahrungszusammensetzung
Nahrungsaufnahme
Lebensmittelrationen
Räuber
Lebensmittel (Beutetiere)
Nahrungszusammensetzung
Nahrungsaufnahme
Lebensmittelrationen
Räuber
Populationsdynamik
Wachstumsparameter
Max. Alter/Größen
Länge-Gewicht-Rel.
Länge-Länge-Verhältnis.
Längenhäufigkeiten
Massenkonvertierung
Rekrutierung
Dichte
Wachstumsparameter
Max. Alter/Größen
Länge-Gewicht-Rel.
Länge-Länge-Verhältnis.
Längenhäufigkeiten
Massenkonvertierung
Rekrutierung
Dichte
Physiologie
Körperliche Zusammensetzung
Nährstoffe
Sauerstoffverbrauch
Schwimmart
Schwimmgeschwindigkeit
Visuelle Pigmente
Fischgeräusche
Krankheiten und Parasiten
Toxizität (LC50s)
Körperliche Zusammensetzung
Nährstoffe
Sauerstoffverbrauch
Schwimmart
Schwimmgeschwindigkeit
Visuelle Pigmente
Fischgeräusche
Krankheiten und Parasiten
Toxizität (LC50s)
Menschenbezogen
Aquakultur-Systeme
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Zuchtlinien
Ciguatera-Fälle
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Aquakultur-Systeme
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Zuchtlinien
Ciguatera-Fälle
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Schätzungen auf der Grundlage von Modellen
Bevorzugte Temperatur (Ref. 123201): 7.5 - 24.7, mean 12.6 °C (based on 3084 cells).
Phylogenetischer Diversitätsindex (Ref. 82804): PD50 = 0.5039 [Uniqueness, from 0.5 = low to 2.0 = high].
Bayesian length-weight: a=0.01230 (0.00999 - 0.01515), b=3.03 (3.00 - 3.06), in cm total length, based on LWR estimates for this species (Ref. 93245).
Trophische Ebene (Ref. 69278): 4.5 ±0.8 se; based on diet studies.
Generation time: 12.8 (9.2 - 16.3) years. Estimated as median ln(3)/K based on 21 growth studies.
Widerstandsfähigkeit (Ref. 120179): niedrig, Verdopplung der Population dauert 4,5 - 14 Jahre. (K=0.09; tm=3-5; tmax=32).
Prior r = 0.24, 95% CL = 0.16 - 0.35, Based on 5 full stock assessments.
Nährstoffe (Ref. 124155): Calcium = 13.1 [7.2, 24.7] mg/100g; Iron = 2.09 [0.85, 5.36] mg/100g; Protein = 24.2 [22.6, 25.6] %; Omega3 = 0.393 [0.229, 0.689] g/100g; Selenium = 53.2 [20.7, 152.4] μg/100g; VitaminA = 17.3 [2.2, 167.3] μg/100g; Zinc = 0.319 [0.187, 0.655] mg/100g (wet weight); based on nutrient studies.