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Obligate air-breathing (Ref. 126274); Are broadly adapted species occurring in rivers, lakes, ponds, mountain streams and even brackish water (Ref. 12693). Usually hide under the cover of marginal roots and bogwood. Found in quiet, shaded, clear, flowing water with a silt or gravel substrate (Ref. 6028). Can tolerate very stagnant, poorly oxygenated and turbid water. They also tolerate very foul water (Ref. 1479). Feed largely on insects and crustaceans. A small percentage of fish is also included in the diet. Spawn in shallow water with a silt or gravel substrate. Can tolerate a temperature of 36.5°C.
Exhibits mouthbrooding. Eggs hatch in the mouth of the male and either parent may keep the brood in its mouth for protection after hatching. Fry have been found to feed on successive batches of eggs laid by the female.
Talwar, P.K. and A.G. Jhingran, 1991. Inland fishes of India and adjacent countries. Volume 2. A.A. Balkema, Rotterdam, i-xxii + 543-1158, 1 pl. (Ref. 4833)
Situación en la Lista Roja de la UICN (Ref. 130435: Version 2025-2 (Global))
Vulnerable (VU) (B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii)); Date assessed: 06 August 2019
Índice de diversidad filogenética (Referencia 82804): PD50 = 0.5000 [Uniqueness, from 0.5 = low to 2.0 = high].
Bayesian length-weight: a=0.00933 (0.00560 - 0.01554), b=3.03 (2.89 - 3.17), in cm total length, based on LWR estimates for this species & Genus-body shape (Ref. 93245).
Nivel trófico (Referencia 69278): 3.8 ±0.59 se; based on food items.
Resiliencia (Referencia 120179): Medio, población duplicada en un tiempo mínimo de 1.4-4.4 años (Fec = 933).
Vulnerabilidad pesquera (Ref. 59153): Low vulnerability (23 of 100). 🛈
